第一章 偉大的轉變：從市場資本主義到協同共享
1. Jean-Baptiste Say, A Treatise on Political Economy (Philadelphia: Grigg & Elliot, 1843), 134–35.
2. Dale Dougherty, 「How Many People Will Own 3-D Printers?,」 Make [Blog], April 5, 2013, http://makezine.com/2013/04/05/how-many-people-will-own-3d-printers/ (accessed July 1, 2013).
3. Chris Anderson, 「Free! Why $0.00 Is the Future of Business,」 Wired, February 25, 2008, http://www.wired.com/techbiz/it/magazine/16-03/ff_free?currentPage=all (accessed March 7, 2013).
4. Oskar Lange, 「On the Economic Theory of Socialism: Part Two,」 Review of Economic Studies 4(2) (1937): 129.
5. Oskar Lange, 「On the Economic Theory of Socialism: Part Two,」 Review of Economic Studies 4(2) (1937):129–30。
6. Oskar Lange, 「On the Economic Theory of Socialism: Part Two,」 Review of Economic Studies 4(2) (1937):130。
7. John Maynard Keynes, Essays in Persuasion (Project Gutenberg eBook, 2011), 358–74, http://gutenberg.ca/ebooks/keynes-essaysinpersuasion/keynes-essaysinpersuasion-00-h.html (accessed January 23, 2013).
8. John Maynard Keynes, Essays in Persuasion (Project Gutenberg eBook, 2011), 358–74, http://gutenberg.ca/ebooks/keynes-essaysinpersuasion/keynes-essaysinpersuasion-00-h.html (accessed January 23, 2013).
9. J. Bradford Delong and Lawrence H. Summers, 「The 『New Economy』: Background, Historical Perspective, Questions and Speculations,」 Economic Policy for the Informational Economy (2001): 16.
10. J. Bradford Delong and Lawrence H. Summers, 「The 『New Economy』: Background, Historical Perspective, Questions and Speculations,」 Economic Policy for the Informational Economy (2001):35。
11. J. Bradford Delong and Lawrence H. Summers, 「The 『New Economy』: Background, Historical Perspective, Questions and Speculations,」 Economic Policy for the Informational Economy (2001):35。
12. J. Bradford Delong and Lawrence H. Summers, 「The 『New Economy』: Background, Historical Perspective, Questions and Speculations,」 Economic Policy for the Informational Economy (2001):16。
13. J. Bradford Delong and Lawrence H. Summers, 「The 『New Economy』: Background, Historical Perspective, Questions and Speculations,」 Economic Policy for the Informational Economy (2001):16。
14. J. Bradford Delong and Lawrence H. Summers, 「The 『New Economy』: Background, Historical Perspective, Questions and Speculations,」 Economic Policy for the Informational Economy (2001):16。
15. J. Bradford Delong and Lawrence H. Summers, 「The 『New Economy』: Background, Historical Perspective, Questions and Speculations,」 Economic Policy for the Informational Economy (2001):16。
16. J. Bradford Delong and Lawrence H. Summers, 「The 『New Economy』: Background, Historical Perspective, Questions and Speculations,」 Economic Policy for the Informational Economy (2001):16, 38。
17. Thomas S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962).
18. Isaac Asimov, 「In the Game of Energy and Thermodynamics You Can』t Even Break Even,」 Smithsonian, August 1970, 9.
19. Viktor Mayer-Schonberger and Kenneth Cukier, Big Data: A Revolution That Will Transform How We Live, Work, and Think (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2013) 59.
20. Viktor Mayer-Schonberger and Kenneth Cukier, Big Data: A Revolution That Will Transform How We Live, Work, and Think (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2013)，89。
21. Steve Lohr, 「The Internet Gets Physical,」 The New York Times, December 17, 2011, http://www. nytimes.com/2011/12/18/sunday-review/the-internet-gets-physical.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 (accessed November 19, 2013).
22. Steve Lohr, 「The Internet Gets Physical,」 The New York Times, December 17, 2011, http://www. nytimes.com/2011/12/18/sunday-review/the-internet-gets-physical.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 (accessed November 19, 2013).
23. Steve Lohr, 「The Internet Gets Physical,」 The New York Times, December 17, 2011, http://www. nytimes.com/2011/12/18/sunday-review/the-internet-gets-physical.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 (accessed November 19, 2013).
24. Steve Lohr, 「The Internet Gets Physical,」 The New York Times, December 17, 2011, http://www. nytimes.com/2011/12/18/sunday-review/the-internet-gets-physical.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 (accessed November 19, 2013).
25. Lester Salamon, 「Putting the Civil Society Sector on the Economic Map of the World,」 Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics 81(2) (2010): 198, http://ccss.jhu.edu/wp-content/uploads /downloads/2011/10/Annals-June-2010.pdf (accessed August 8, 2013); 「A Global Assembly on Measuring Civil Society and Volunteering,」 Johns Hopkins Center for Civil Society Studies, September 26, 2007, 6, http://ccss.jhu.edu/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2011/10/UNHB_Global AssemblyMeeting_2007.pdf (accessed July 8, 2013).
26. Salamon, 「Putting the Civil Society Sector,」 198.
27. 「Collaborative [1800–2000], English,」 Google Books NGram Viewer, http://books.google.com/ngrams/ (accessed June 12, 2013); 「Google Books Ngram Viewer,」 University at Buffalo, http://libweb.lib.buffalo.edu/pdp/index.asp?ID=497 (accessed December 16, 2013).
28. 「The World』s Top 50 Economies: 44 Countries, Six Firms,」 Democratic Leadership Council, July 14, 2010, http://www.dlc.org/ndol_cie5ae.html?kaid=10 (accessed May 19, 2013); 「Fortune Magazine Releases Its Annual Fortune Global 500 List of Companies Winning Top Rankings by Making Money and Marketing Well,」 PRWeb, July 10, 2012, http://www.prweb.com /releases/fortune-global-500/money-and-marketing/prweb9684625.htm (accessed May 18, 2013); 「2011 Economic Statistics and Indicators,」 Economy Watch, http://www.economywatch.com/economic-statistics/year/2011/ (accessed May 21, 2013).
第二章 市場經濟的誕生
1. T. W. Schultz, 「New Evidence on Farmer Responses to Economic Opportunities from the Early Agrarian History of Western Europe,」 Subsistence Agriculture and Economic Development, ed. Clifton R Wharton, Jr. (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1969), 108.
2. Richard Schlatter, Private Property: The History of an Idea (New York: Russell & Russell, 1973), 64.
3. Gilbert Slater, The English Peasantry and the Enclosure of the Commons (New York: A. M. Kelley, 1968), 1.
4. Karl Polanyi, The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time (Boston: Beacon Press, 1944), 35; Richard L. Rubenstein, The Age of Triage: Fear and Hope in an Overcrowded World (Boston: Beacon Press, 1983), 10.
5. Rubenstein, The Age of Triage, 43; Slater, The English Peasantry, 6.
6. Thomas More, Utopia (Rockville, MD: Arc Manor, 2008), 20.
7. Rubenstein, The Age of Triage, 46.
8. Lynn White, Medieval Technology and Social Change (London: Oxford University Press, 1962), 129.
9. Karl Marx, The Poverty of Philosophy (Chicago: Charles H. Kerr, 1920), 119.
10. Karl Marx, 「Division of Labour and Mechanical Workshop: Tool and Machinery,」 in Marx and Engels, Collected Works (New York: International Publishers, 1991), 33: 387–477, http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1861/economic/ch35.htm (accessed August 8, 2013).
11. Jean-Claude Debeir, Jean-Paul Deleage, and Daniel Hemery, In the Servitude of Power: Energy and Civilization through the Ages (London: Zed Books, 1992), 75.
12. Jean-Claude Debeir, Jean-Paul Deleage, and Daniel Hemery, In the Servitude of Power: Energy and Civilization through the Ages (London: Zed Books, 1992),76。
13. White, Medieval Technology and Social Change, 87.
14. Debeir, Deleage, and Hemery, In the Servitude of Power, 79.
15. Jean Gimpel, The Medieval Machine: The Industrial Revolution of the Middle Ages (London: Penguin, 1977), 16.
16. E. M. Carus-Wilson, 「An Industrial Revolution of the Thirteenth Century,」 Economic History Review 11 (1941): 39.
17. E. M. Carus-Wilson, 「The Woollen Industry,」 in The Cambridge Economic History, vol. 2: Trade and Industry in the Middle Ages, ed. M. Postan and E. E. Rich (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1952), 409.
18. Debeir, Deleage, and Hemery, In the Servitude of Power, 90.
19. White, Medieval Technology, 128–29.
20. Michael Clapham, 「Printing,」 in A History of Technology, vol. 3: From the Renaissance to the Industrial Revolution, ed. Charles Singer, E. G. Holmyard, A. R. Hall, and Trevor Williams (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1957), 37.
21. Robert L. Heilbroner, The Making of Economic Society (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1962), 36–38, 50.
22. S. R. Epstein and Maarten Prak, Guilds, Innovation, and the European Economy, 1400–1800 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008) 31.
23. S. R. Epstein and Maarten Prak, Guilds, Innovation, and the European Economy, 1400–1800 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008)，44。
第三章 歷史的進程：從第一次工業革命到第二次工業革命
1. Yujiro Hayami and Yoshihisa Godo, Development Economics: From the Poverty to the Wealth of Nations (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), 341.
2. Maurice Dobb, Studies in the Development of Capitalism (New York: International Publishers, 1947), 143.
3. Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (Edinburgh: Thomas Nelson, 1843), 20.
4. Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (Edinburgh: Thomas Nelson, 1843), 20.
5. Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (Edinburgh: Thomas Nelson, 1843), 21.
6. Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (Edinburgh: Thomas Nelson, 1843), 22.
7. Carl Lira, 「Biography of James Watt,」 May 21, 2013, http://www.egr.msu.edu/~lira/supp/steam/wattbio.html (accessed January 7, 2014).
8. Jean-Claude Debeir, Jean-Paul Deleage, and Daniel Hemery, In the Servitude of Power: Energy and Civilization through the Ages (London: Zed Books, 1992), 101–104.
9. Eric J. Hobsbawm, The Age of Capital, 1848–1875 (New York: Charles Scribner』s Sons, 1975), 40.
10. Eric J. Hobsbawm, The Age of Revolution, 1789–1848 (New York: Vintage Books, 1996), 298.
11. Alfred D. Chandler Jr., The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1977), 83.
12. Alfred D. Chandler Jr., The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1977), 86。
13. Alfred D. Chandler Jr., The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1977), 90。
14. Alfred D. Chandler Jr., The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1977), 88。
15. A. Hyma, The Dutch in the Far East (Ann Arbor, MI: George Wahr, 1953).
16. Chandler, The Visible Hand, 153; 「Our History,」 Canadian Pacific, http://www.cpr.ca/en/about-cp/our-past-present-and-future/Pages/our-history.aspx (accessed June 13, 2013).
17. Chandler, The Visible Hand, 120.
18. Randall Collins, 「Weber』s Last Theory of Capitalism: A Systematization,」 American Sociological Review 45(6) (1980): 932.
19. Angela E. Davis, Art and Work: A Social History of Labour in the Canadian Graphic Arts Industry in the 1940s (Montreal: McGill–Queen』s University Press, 1995), 21.
20. 「Printing Yesterday and Today,」 Harry Ransom Center, University of Texas at Austin, http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/educator/modules/gutenberg/books/printing/ (accessed on October 16, 2013).
21. Aileen Fyfe, Steam-Powered Knowledge: William Chambers and the Business of Publishing, 1820–1860 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012), 64.
22. Yochai Benkler, The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006), 188.
23. Paul F. Gehl, 「Printing,」 Encyclopedia of Chicago, http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/1010.html (accessed June 12, 2013).
24. 「R. R. Donnelley & Sons Company,」 International Directory of Company Histories, 2001, Encyclopedia.com http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-2844200093.html (accessed June 12, 2013).
25. Chandler, The Visible Hand, 230.
26. Chandler, The Visible Hand, ，232。
27. Chandler, The Visible Hand, ，245。
28. Paul Lewis, 「Ambitious Plans for Iraqi Oil,」 New York Times, July 30, 1994, http://www.ny times.com/1994/07/30/business/ambitious-plans-for-iraqi-oil.html (accessed June 30, 2013).
29. 「Energizing America: Facts for Addressing Energy Policy,」 API (June 2012): 17, http://www.api.org/~/media/files/statistics/energizing_america_facts.ashx (accessed April 19, 2013).
30. Robert Anderson, Fundamentals of the Petroleum Industry (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1984), 279, 286, 289.
31. Robert Anderson, Fundamentals of the Petroleum Industry (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1984)，19, 20, 22。
32. Venu Gadde, 「U.S. Oil & Gas Exploration & Production (E&P),」 Henry Fund Research, February 8, 2012, 3, https://tippie.uiowa.edu/henry/reports12/oil_gas.pdf (accessed January 13, 2013).
33. Narayan Mandayam and Richard Frenkiel, 「AT&T History,」 Rutgers University, http://www.winlab.rutgers.edu/~narayan/Course/Wireless_Revolution/LL1-%20Lecture%201%20reading-%20ATT%20History.doc (accessed on October 16, 2013).
34. Adam Thierer, 「Unnatural Monopoly: Critical Moments in the Development of the Bell System Monopoly,」 Cato Journal 14(2) (1994): 270.
35. Adam Thierer, 「Unnatural Monopoly: Critical Moments in the Development of the Bell System Monopoly,」 Cato Journal 14(2) (1994): 272。
36. 「Milestones in AT&T History,」 AT&T, http://www.corp.att.com/history/milestones.html.
37. Thierer, 「Unnatural Monopoly,」 274.
38. Richard H. K. Vietor, Contrived Competition: Regulation and Deregulation in America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1994), 171–72.
39. Noobar Retheos Danielian, AT&T: The Story of Industrial Conquest (New York: Vanguard Press, 1939), 252.
40. Gerald W. Brock, The Telecommunications Industry: The Dynamics of Market Structure (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981), 161.
41. 「Wireline Local Market Concentration,」 The Columbia Institute for Tele-Information, http://www4.gsb.columbia.edu/filemgr?file_id=739241 (accessed June 19, 2013).
42. Carolyn Marvin, When Old Technologies Were New: Thinking about Electric Communication in the Late Nineteenth Century (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), 164.
43. David E. Nye, Electrifying America: Social Meanings of a New Technology, 1880–1940 (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1991), 239.
44. David E. Nye, Electrifying America: Social Meanings of a New Technology, 1880–1940 (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1991), 186。
45. Henry Ford and Samuel Crowther, Edison as I Know Him (New York: Cosmopolitan Books, 1930), 30.
46. Nye, Electrifying America, 186.
47. Daniel Yergen, The Prize (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1992), 208.
48. Q. A. Mowbray, Road to Ruin (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1969), 15.
49. Kenneth R. Schneider, Autokind vs. Mankind (Lincoln, NE: Authors Choice Press, 2005), 123.
50. 「The Dramatic Story of Oil』s Influence on the World,」 Oregon Focus (January 1993): 10–11.
51. New Housing Units: Completed, United States Census Bureau, 2012, http://www.census.gov/construction/nrc/historical_data/ (accessed October 30, 2013); Shopping Centers: Numbers and Gross Leasable Area, United States Census Bureau, http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s1061.pdf (accessed October 30, 2013).
52. 「Electric Generation Ownership, Market Concentration, and Auction Size」 (Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation), July 2010, 4, http://www.epa.gov/airtransport/pdfs/TSD_Ownership_and_Market_Concentration_7-6-10.pdf (accessed April 7, 2013).
53. 「What』s Moving: U.S. Auto Sales,」 Wall Street Journal, May 1, 2013, http://online.wsj.com/mdc/public/page/2_3022-autosales.html.
54. Erick Schonfeld, 「What Media Company Gained the Most Market Share in 2007? (Hint: It Starts with a G),」 TechCrunch, March 14, 2008, http://techcrunch.com/2008/03/14/what-media-company-gained-the-most-market-share-in-2007-hint-it-starts-with-a-g/ (accessed June 8, 2013).
55. Andrea Alegria, Agata Kaczanowska, and Lauren Setar, 「Highly Concentrated: Companies That Dominate Their Industries,」 IBIS World, February 2012, 1–2, 4, http://www.ibisworld.com/Common/MediaCenter/Highly%20Concentrated%20Industries.pdf (accessed February 22, 2013).
56. 「Global IB Revenue Ranking—01 Jan-10 Jun 2013,」 Dealogic, http://fn.dealogic.com/fn/IB Rank.htm (accessed June 14, 2013).
57. 「The World』s Top 50 Economies: 44 Countries, Six Firms,」 Democratic Leadership Council, http://www.dlc.org/ndol_cie5ae.html?kaid=10 (accessed 14 July 2010).
第四章 從資本主義看人類的本性
1. Robert S. Hoyt, Europe in the Middle Ages, 2nd ed. (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1966), 300.
2. Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (1930; reprint, London: Routledge, 2005).
3. John Locke, Two Treatises of Government (London: Printed for Whitmore and Fenn, Charing Cross; and C. Brown, Duke Street, Lincoln』s-Inn-Fields, 1821), §27.
4. John Locke, Two Treatises of Government (London: Printed for Whitmore and Fenn, Charing Cross; and C. Brown, Duke Street, Lincoln』s-Inn-Fields, 1821), §27.
5. John Locke, Two Treatises of Government (London: Printed for Whitmore and Fenn, Charing Cross; and C. Brown, Duke Street, Lincoln』s-Inn-Fields, 1821), 37。
6. Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, ed. Edwin Cannan (London: Methuen, 1961), 1:475.
7. R. H. Tawney, The Acquisitive Society (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1920), 13, 18.
8. Max Weber, From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology, eds. and trans. H. H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills (New York: Oxford University Press, 1946), 51.
9. Richard Schlatter, Private Property: The History of an Idea (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1951), 185.
10. David Hume, An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals (London: Printed for A. Millar, 1751).
11. Schlatter, Private Property, 242.
12. Jeremy Bentham, 「Pannomial Fragments,」 in The Works of Jeremy Bentham, Now First Collected; Under the Superintendence of His Executor, John Bowring — Part IX, ed. John Bowring (Edinburgh: William Tait, 1839), 221; Jeremy Bentham, 「Principles of the Civil Code,」 in The Works of Jeremy Bentham, Now First Collected; Under the Superintendence of His Executor, John Bowring — Part II, ed. John Bowring (Edinburgh: William Tait, 1839), 309.
13. Charles Darwin, The Descent of Man: And Selection in Relation to Sex, Project Gutenberg, 1999, http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/2300/pg2300.html (accessed June 20, 2013).
14. Charles Darwin, The Descent of Man: And Selection in Relation to Sex, Project Gutenberg, 1999, http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/2300/pg2300.html (accessed June 20, 2013).
15. Herbert Spencer, The Principles of Biology (London: Williams and Norgate, 1864), 1:444–45.
16. Charles Darwin, The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication (London: John Murray, 1899), 1:6.
17. Stephen Jay Gould, 「Darwin』s Untimely Burial,」 in Philosophy of Biology, ed. Michael Ruse (New York: Prometheus Books, 1998), 93–98.
18. Janet Browne, Charles Darwin: The Power of Place (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002), 2:186.
19. Thomas Paine, 「Rights of Man: Being an Answer to Mr. Burke』s Attack on the French Revolution,」 in The Political Works of Thomas Paine (New York: C. Blanchard, 1860).
第五章 極致生產力、物聯網和免費能源
1. 「Solar 101: Solar Economics,」 States Advancing Solar, http://www.statesadvancingsolar.org/solar-101/solar-economics (accessed January 31, 2014); 「Wind Energy Payback Period Workbook,」 National Renewable Energy Laboratory, April 1, 2001, www.nrel.gov/wind/docs/spread_sheet_Final.xls (accessed October 22, 2013).
2. 「Productivity,」 Merriam-Webster, http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/productivity.
3. Moses Abramovitz, Thinking about Growth: And Other Essays on Economic Growth and Welfare (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 133.
4. Robert U. Ayres and Edward H. Ayres, Crossing the Energy Divide: Moving from Fossil Fuel Dependence to a Clean-Energy Future (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Wharton School Publishing, 2010), 14.
5. Rachael Larimore, 「Why 『You Didn』t Build That』 Isn』t Going Away,」 Slate, August 30, 2012, http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/politics/2012/08/_you_didn_t_build_that_it_doesn_t_matter_what_obama_meant_to_say_but_what_people_heard_.html (accessed July 13, 2013).
6. Robert U. Ayres and Benjamin Warr, The Economic Growth Engine: How Energy and Work Drive Material Prosperity (Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2009), 334–37.
7. John A. 「Skip」 Laitner, Steven Nadel, R. Neal Elliott, Harvey Sachs, and A Siddiq Khan, 「The Long-Term Energy Efficiency Potential: What the Evidence Suggests,」 American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy, January 2012, http://www.garrisoninstitute.org/downloads/ecology/cmb/Laitner_Long-Term_E_E_Potential.pdf, 2 (accessed September 21, 2013).
8. John A. 「Skip」 Laitner, Steven Nadel, R. Neal Elliott, Harvey Sachs, and A Siddiq Khan, 「The Long-Term Energy Efficiency Potential: What the Evidence Suggests,」 American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy, January 2012, http://www.garrisoninstitute.org/downloads/ecology/cmb/Laitner_Long-Term_E_E_Potential.pdf, 2 (accessed September 21, 2013)，66。
9. 「How Many Smart Meters are Installed in the US and Who Has Them?,」 US Energy Information Administration, last modified January 10, 2013, http://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq .cfm?id=108&t=3 (accessed October 12, 2013).
10. Brian Merchant, 「With a Trillion Sensors, the Internet of Things Would Be the 『Biggest Business in the History of Electronics,』」 Motherboard, November 2013, http://motherboard.vice.com/blog/the-internet-of-things-could-be-the-biggest-business-in-the-history-of-electronics (accessed November 14, 2013).
11. 「Data, Data Everywhere,」 Economist, February 25, 2012, http://www.economist.com/node/15557443 (accessed September 18, 2013); Joe Hellerstein, 「Parallel Programming in the Age of Big Data,」 GigaOM, November 9, 2008, http://gigaom.com/2008/11/09/mapreduce-leads-the-way-for-parallel-programming/ (accessed September 18, 2013).
12. S. Mitchell, N. Villa, M.S. Weeks, and A. Lange, 「The Internet of Everything for Cities,」 Cisco, 2013, http://www.cisco.com/web/about/ac79/docs/ps/motm/IoE-Smart-City_PoV.pdf (accessed on October 31, 2013).
13. Peter C. Evans and Marco Annunziata, 「Industrial Internet: Pushing the Boundaries of Minds and Machines,」 General Electric, November 26, 2012, http://www.ge.com/sites/default/files/Industrial_Internet.pdf, 4 (accessed January 5, 2013).
14. Peter C. Evans and Marco Annunziata, 「Industrial Internet: Pushing the Boundaries of Minds and Machines,」 General Electric, November 26, 2012, http://www.ge.com/sites/default/files/Industrial_Internet.pdf, 24。
15. 「The Internet of Things Business Index: A Quiet Revolution Gathers Pace,」 The Economist Intelligence Unit (2013), 10, http://www.arm.com/files/pdf/EIU_Internet_Business_Index_WEB.PDF (accessed October 29, 2013).
16. 「The Internet of Things Business Index: A Quiet Revolution Gathers Pace,」 The Economist Intelligence Unit (2013), 10, http://www.arm.com/files/pdf/EIU_Internet_Business_Index_WEB.PDF (accessed October 29, 2013).
17. 「The Difference Engine: Chattering Objects,」 Economist (August 13, 2010), http://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2010/08/internet_things (accessed September 5, 2013).
18. 「The Difference Engine: Chattering Objects,」 Economist (August 13, 2010), http://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2010/08/internet_things (accessed September 5, 2013).
19. 「The Difference Engine: Chattering Objects,」 Economist (August 13, 2010), http://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2010/08/internet_things (accessed September 5, 2013).
20. 「The Difference Engine: Chattering Objects,」 Economist (August 13, 2010), http://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2010/08/internet_things (accessed September 5, 2013).
21. 「Conclusions of the Internet of Things Public Consultation,」 Digital Agenda for Europe, A Europe 2020 Initiative, February 28, 2013, http://ec.europa.eu/digital-agenda/en/news/conclusions-internet-things-public-consultation (accessed March 21, 2013).
22. 「Internet of Things Factsheet Privacy and Security: IoT Privacy, Data Protection, Information Security,」 Digital Agenda for Europe, A Europe 2020 Initiative (February 28, 2013): 1, http://ec.europa.eu/digital-agenda/en/news/conclusions-internet-things-public-consultation (accessed March 21. 2013).
23. 「Internet of Things Factsheet Privacy and Security: IoT Privacy, Data Protection, Information Security,」 Digital Agenda for Europe, A Europe 2020 Initiative (February 28, 2013): 1, http://ec.europa.eu/digital-agenda/en/news/conclusions-internet-things-public-consultation (accessed March 21. 2013)，5。
24. 「Internet of Things Factsheet Privacy and Security: IoT Privacy, Data Protection, Information Security,」 Digital Agenda for Europe, A Europe 2020 Initiative (February 28, 2013): 1, http://ec.europa.eu/digital-agenda/en/news/conclusions-internet-things-public-consultation (accessed March 21. 2013)，7。
25. 「The Internet of Things Business Index,」 11.
26. 「The Internet of Things Business Index,」 11.
27. 「The Internet of Things Business Index,」，14, 16。
28. Gordon E. Moore, 「Cramming More Components onto Integrated Circuits,」 Electronics 38(8) (April 19, 1965): 115.
29. Michio Kaku, 「Tweaking Moore』s Law: Computers of the Post-Silicon Era,」 Big Think, March 7, 2012, http://bigthink.com/videos/tweaking-moores-law-computers-of-the-post-silicon-era-2 (October 1, 2013).
30. Gail Robinson, 「Speeding Net Traffic with Tiny Mirrors,」 EE Times, September 26, 2000, http://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1142186 (accessed November 6, 2013).
31. 「Early Computers 1960』s,」 Pimall, 2006, http://www.pimall.com/nais/pivintage/burroughs computer.html (accessed November 7, 2013); 「Study: Number of Smartphone Users Tops 1 Billion,」 CBS News, October 17, 2012, http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-205_162-57534583/ (accessed November 7, 2013).
32. Robert D. Atkinson et al., 「The Internet Economy 25 Years After.Com,」 The Information Technology & Innovation Foundation, March 2010, 9, http://www.itif.org/files/2010-25-years.pdf (accessed August 13, 2013).
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38. Hariklia Deligianni, Shafaat Ahmed, and Lubomyr Romankiw, 「The Next Frontier: Electrodeposition for Solar Cell Fabrication,」 Electrochemical Society (summer 2011): 47.
39. Naam, 「Smaller, Cheaper, Faster.」
40. Peter Hockenos, 「Germany』s Grid and the Market: 100 Percent Renewable by 2050?,」 Renewable Energy World, November 21, 2012, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/blog /post/2012/11/ppriorities-germanys-grid-and-the-market (November 1, 2013); Jeevan Vasagar, 「German Farmers Reap Benefits of Harvesting Renewable Energy,」 Financial Times, December 2, 2013. http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/f2bc3958-58f4-11e3-9798-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2nMj6ILk2 (accessed December 13, 2013).
41. Josiah Neeley, 「Texas Windpower: Will Negative Pricing Blow Out the Lights? (PTC vs. Reliable New Capacity),」 MasterResource, November 27, 2012, http://www.masterresource.org/2012/11/texas-negative-pricing-ptc/ (accessed August 2, 2013).
42. Rachel Morison, 「Renewables Make German Power Market Design Defunct, Utility Says,」 Bloomberg, June 26, 2012, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-06-26/renewables-make-german-power-market-design-defunct-utility-says.html (accessed April 29, 2013).
43. Nic Brisbourne, 「Solar Power — A Case Study in Exponential Growth,」 The Equity Kicker, September 25, 2012, http://www.theequitykicker.com/2012/09/25/solar-powera-case-study-in-exponential-growth/ (accessed May 27, 2013).
44. Max Miller, 「Ray Kurzweil: Solar Will Power the World in 16 Years,」 Big Think, March 17, 2011, http://bigthink.com/think-tank/ray-kurzweil-solar-will-power-the-world-in-16-years (accessed June 1, 2013).
45. Eric Wesoff, 「Mainstream Media Discovers Solar Power and Moore』s Law,」 Greentech Media, November 8, 2011, http://www.greentechmedia.com/articles /read/Mainstream-Media-Discovers-Solar-Power-and-Moores-Law (accessed October 9, 2013).
46. Cristina L. Archer and Mark Z. Jacobson, 「Evaluation of Global Wind Power,」 Journal of Geophysical Research 110, June 30, 2005, http://www.stanford.edu/group/efmh/winds /2004jd005462.pdf (accessed March 3, 2013).
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49. Miller, 「Ray Kurzweil.」
50. Greg Price, 「How Much Does the Internet Cost to Run?,」 Forbes, March, 14, 2012, http://www.forbes.com/sites/quora/2012/03/14/how-much-does-the-internet-cost-to-run/ (accessed July 18, 2013).
51. 「UN Projects 40% of World Will Be Online By Year End, 4.4 Billion Will Remain Unconnected,」 UN News Centre, October 7, 2013, http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=46207&Cr=internet&Cr1# (accessed November 7, 2013).
52. 「The Hidden Expense of Energy — Print Is Costly, Online Isn』t Free,」 Scholarly Kitchen, January 19, 2012, http://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/2012/01/19/the-hidden-expense-of-energy-costs-print-is-costly-online-isnt-free/ (accessed August 21, 2013).
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54. 「The Hidden Expense of Energy.」
55. 「Report to Congress on Server and Data Center Energy Efficiency,」 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ENERGY STAR Program, August 2, 2007, 5, http://www.energystar.gov/ia/part ners/prod_development/downloads/EPA_Datacenter_Report_Congress_Final1.pdf (accessed October 16, 2013).
56. James Glanz, 「Power, Pollution and the Internet,」 New York Times, September 22, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/23/technology/data-centers-waste-vast-amounts-of-energy-belying-industry-image.html?pagewanted=all (accessed November 3, 2013).
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58. 「Report to Congress on Server and Data Center Energy Efficiency,」 7.
59. Glanz, 「Power, Pollution and the Internet.」
60. Krishna Kant, 「Challenges in Distributed Energy Adaptive Computing,」 ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review 37(3) (January 2010): 3–7.
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65. Malcolm Ritter, 「Study: Digital Information can be Stored in DNA,」 Huffington Post, January 23, 2013, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/huff-wires/20130123/us-sci-dna-data/# (accessed November 6, 2013).
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67. Ajay Makan and Javier Blas, 「Oil Guru Says US Shale Revolution is 『Temporary,』」 Financial Times, May 29, 2013, www.ft.com/cms/s/0/281b118e-c870-11e2-acc6-00144feab7de.html#axzz2UbJC9Zz1 (accessed October 17, 2013).
68. Matthew L. Wald, 「Shale』s Effect on Oil Supply Is Forecast to Be Brief,」 The New York Times, November 12, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/13/business/energy-environment/shales-effect-on-oil-supply-is-not-expected-to-last.html?_r=0, (accessed November 13, 2013).
第六章 3D打印：從大規模生產到大眾生產
1. Mark Richardson and Bradley Haylock, 「Designer/Maker: The Rise of Additive Manufacturing, Domestic-Scale: Production and the Possible Implications for the Automotive Industry,」 Computer Aided Design and Applications (2012): 35.
2. Ashlee Vance, 「3-D Printers: Make Whatever You Want,」 Bloomberg Businessweek, April 26, 2012, http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-04-26/3d-printers-make-whatever-you-want (accessed August 23, 2013).
3. 「Wohlers Associates Publishes 2012 Report on Additive Manufacturing and 3-D Printing: Industry Study Shows Annual Growth of Nearly 30%,」 Wohlers Associates, May 15, 2012, http://wohlersassociates.com/press56.htm (accessed August 16, 2013).
4. Richardson and Haylock, 「Designer/Maker.」
5. Irene Chapple, 「Dickerson: Etsy Is Disrupting Global Supply Chains,」 CNN, June 5, 2013, http://edition.cnn.com/2013/06/05/business/etsy-leweb-craft-disrupting (accessed June 28, 2013).
6. 「A Brief History of 3D Printing,」 T. Rowe Price, December 2011, http://inpidual.troweprice.com/staticFiles/Retail/Shared/PDFs/3-D_Printing_Infographic_FINAL.pdf (accessed November 2, 2013).
7. 「Definition: Hacker,」 Search Security, October 2006, http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/definition/hacker (accessed October 15, 2013).
8. Chris Anderson, 「In the Next Industrial Revolution, Atoms Are the New Bits,」 Wired, January 25, 2010, http://www.wired.com/magazine/2010/01/ff_newrevolution/ (accessed August 8, 2013).
9. J. M. Pearce, C. Morris Blair, K. J. Laciak, R. Andrews, A. Nosrat, and I. Zelenika-Zovko, 「3-D Printing of Open Source Appropriate Technologies for Self-Directed Sustainable Development,」 Journal of Sustainable Development 3(4) (2010): 18.
10. 「Fab Lab FAQ,」 MIT Center for Bits and Atoms, http://fablab.cba.mit.edu/about/faq/ (accessed June 27, 2013).
11. 「MIT Fab Lab: The New Technology Revolution,」 Cardiff School of Art and Design, August 27, 2013, http://cardiff-school-of-art-and-design.org/magazine/mit-fab-lab-the-new-technology-revolution/ (accessed November 14, 2013); Alison DeNisco, 「Fab Lab Beginnings,」 District Administration (December 2012), http://www.districtadministration.com/article/fab-lab-beginnings (accessed November 14, 2013); 「FabLab,」 Fab Education Bremen, http://www.fabeducation.net/en/fablab-2.html (accessed November 14, 2013).
12. Katherine Ling, 「『Fab Labs』 Out Front in U.S. Push to Make Manufacturing Cool,」 Environment & Energy Publishing, September 18, 2013, http://www.eenews.net/stories/1059987450 (accessed November 14, 2013).
13. Andy Greenberg, 「The Fab Life,」 Forbes, August 13, 2008, http://www.forbes.com/2008/08/13/diy-innovation-gershenfeld-tech-egang08-cx_ag_0813gershenfeld.html (accessed April 1, 2013).
14. Cory Doctorow, story in Over Clocked: Stories of the Future Present (New York: Thunder』s Mouth Press, 2007), 4.
15. Chris Waldo, 「Will We 3-D Print Renewable Energy?,」 3d Printer, June 5, 2012, http://www.3dprinter.net/3d-printing-renewable-energy (accessed July 30, 2013).
16. 「Print Me the Head of Alfredo Garcia,」 Economist, August 10, 2013, http://www.economist.com/news/science-and-technology/21583238-new-low-cost-way-making-things-print-me-head-alfredo-garcia (accessed August 18, 2013).
17. Markus Kayser, 「Solar Sinter,」 MarkusKayser, 2011, http://www.markuskayser.com/work/solarsinter/ (accessed January 11, 2013).
18. 「Plastic, Fantastic! 3-D Printers Could Recycle Old Bottles,」 Tech News Daily, January 18, 2012, http://www.technewsdaily.com/5446-filabot-3d-printing-material-recycled-plastic.html (accessed February 2, 2013); 「Filabot Wee Kit Order Form,」 Filabot: the Personal Filament Maker, http://www.filabot.com/collections/filabot-systems/products/filabot-wee-kit-welded (accessed February 2, 2013).
19. David J. Hill, 「3-D Printing Robot Produces Chairs and Tables from Recycled Waste,」 Singularity Hub, April 23, 2012, http://singularityhub.com/2012/04/23/3d-printing-robot-produces-chairs-and-tables-from-recycled-waste/ (accessed April 4, 2013).
20. Jason Dorrier, 「3-D Printed Homes? Here』s the Scoop,」 Singularity Hub, August 22, 2012, http://singularityhub.com/2012/08/22/3d-printers-may-someday-construct-homes-in-less-than-a-day/ (accessed April 30, 2013).
21. Jordan Cook, 「The World』s First 3-D-Printed Building Will Arrive in 2014 (and It Looks Awesome),」 TechCrunch, January 20, 2013, http://techcrunch.com/2013/01/20/the-worlds-first-3d-printed-building-will-arrive-in-2014-and-it-looks-awesome/ (accessed January 26, 2013).
22. 「Dutch Architect to Build 『Endless』 House With 3-D Printer,」 3ders, January 15, 2013, http://www.3ders.org/articles/20130115-dutch-architect-to-build-endless-house-with-3d-printer.html (accessed January 26, 2013).
23. 「Foster + Partners Works with European Space Agency to 3-D Print Structures on the Moon,」 Foster and Partners press release, January 31, 2013, http://www.fosterandpartners.com/news /foster-+-partners-works-with-european-space-agency-to-3d-print-structures-on-the-moon/ (accessed February 18, 2013).
24. 「Building a Lunar Base with 3-D Printing,」 European Space Agency, January 31, 2013, http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Technology/Building_a_lunar_base_with_3-D_printing (accessed February 18, 2013).
25. Edwin Kee, 「Urbee 2 to Cross Country on Just 10 Gallons of Ethanol,」 Ubergizmo, March 1 2013, http://www.ubergizmo.com/2013/03/urbee-2-to-cross-country-on-just-10-gallons-of-ethanol/ (accessed September 4, 2013).
26. 「Automotive Case Studies: Prototyping Is the Driving Force behind Great Cars,」 Stratasys, http://www.stratasys.com/resources/case-studies/automotive/urbee (accessed June 27, 2013).
27. Henry Ford and Samuel Crowther, My Life and Work (Garden City, NY: Garden City Publishing, 1922), 72.
28. Alexander George, 「3-D Printed Car Is as Strong as Steel, Half the Weight, and Nearing Production,」 Wired, February 27, 2013, http://www.wired.com/autopia/2013/02/3d-printed-car/ (accessed June 2, 2013).
29. Mary Beth Griggs, 「3-D Printers Spit Out Fancy Food, Green Cars, and Replacement Bones,」 Discover Magazine, March 26, 2012, http://discovermagazine.com/2012/mar/31-3-d-printers-spit-out-fancy-food-and-green-cars#.UnvIBPmkoSU (accessed November 7, 2013).
30. 「Manitoba』s Kor Ecologic Debuts Hybrid Urbee,」 Canadian Manufacturing, November 2, 2012, http://www.canadianmanufacturing.com/designengineering/news/manitobas-kor-ecologic-debuts-hybrid-urbee-11992 (accessed November 1, 2013).
31. Stewart Brand and Matt Herron, 「Keep Designing — How the Information Economy Is Being Created and Shaped by the Hacker Ethic,」 Whole Earth Review (May, 1985): 44.
32. Deborah Desrochers-Jacques, 「Green Energy Use Jumps in Germany,」 Der Spiegel, August 30, 2011, http://www.spiegel.de/international/crossing-the-20-percent-mark-green-energy-use-jumps-in-germany-a-783314.html (accessed August 7, 2013); Berlin and Niebull, 「Germany』s Energy Transformation: Eneriewende,」 Economist, July 28, 2012, http://www.economist.com/node/21559667 (accessed October 1, 2013).
33. 「The Strategic Cooperation between Daimler and the Renault-Nissan Alliance Forms Agreement with Ford,」 Daimler, January 28, 2013, http://www.daimler.com/dccom/0-5-7153-1-1569733-1-0-0-0-0-0-16694-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0.html (accessed March 31, 2013).
34. Marcel Rosenbach and Thomas Schulz, 「3-D Printing: Technology May Bring New Industrial Revolution,」 Der Spiegel, January 4, 2013, http://www.spiegel.de/international/business/3d-printing-technology-poised-for-new-industrial-revolution-a-874833.html (accessed August 5, 2013).
35. Goli Mohammadi, 「Open Source Ecology: Interview with Founder Marcin Jakubowski,」 Makezine, February 11, 2011, http://blog.makezine.com/2011/02/11/open-source-ecology-interview-with-founder-marcin-jakubowski/ (accessed June 17, 2013).
36. Rohan Pearce, 「Open Source Ecology: Can Open Source Save the Planet?,」 Computerworld Techworld, December 15, 2011, http://www.techworld.com.au/article/410193/open_source_ecology_can_open_source_save_planet_/ (accessed September 9, 2013).
37. 「Marcin Jakubowski: Open-Sourced Blueprints For Civilization,」 Huffington Post, December 19, 2011, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/12/19/wiki-diy-civilization_n_1157895.html?view=print&comm_ref=false (accessed September 12, 2013).
38. Helen Pidd, 「Indian Blackout Held No Fear for Small Hamlet Where the Power Stayed On,」 Guardian, September 10, 2012, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/sep/10/india-hamlet-where-power-stayed-on (accessed September 29, 2013).
39. Helen Pidd, 「Indian Blackout Held No Fear for Small Hamlet Where the Power Stayed On,」 Guardian, September 10, 2012, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/sep/10/india-hamlet-where-power-stayed-on (accessed September 29, 2013).
40. Peerzada Abrar, 「Gram Power: Yashraj Khaitan』s 『Smart Microgrid』 Produces, Stores Renewable Energy on Location,」 Economic Times, July 6, 2012, http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-07-06/news/32566187_1_renewable-energy-innovation-pilferage (accessed September 29, 2013).
41. Pidd, 「Indian Blackout Held No Fear.」
42. 「From Micro-Grids to Smart Grids,」 Kidela, November 20, 2012, http://www.kidela.com/resources/blackout-from-micro-grids-to-smart-grids/ (accessed September 30, 2013).
43. 「From Micro-Grids to Smart Grids,」 Kidela, November 20, 2012, http://www.kidela.com/resources/blackout-from-micro-grids-to-smart-grids/ (accessed September 30, 2013).
44. 「Mahatma Gandhi on Mass Production,」 interview, May 16, 1936, http://www.tinytechindia.com/gandhiji2.html (accessed April 21, 2013).
45. Surur Hoda, Gandhi and the Contemporary World (Indo-British Historical Society, 1997).
46. 「Mahatma Gandhi on Mass Production.」
47. 「Mahatma Gandhi on Mass Production.」
48. 「Mahatma Gandhi on Mass Production.」
49. Hoda, Gandhi and the Contemporary World.
50. 「Mahatma Gandhi on Mass Production.」
51. Hoda, Gandhi and the Contemporary World.
52. The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi, vol. 83, June 7, 1942–January 26, 1944 (New Delhi: Publications Division of the Government of India, 1999), 113, http://www.gandhiserve.org/cwmg/VOL083.PDF (accessed November 14, 2013).
53. Mahatma Gandhi, The Mind of Mahatma Gandhi: Encyclopedia of Ghandi』s Thoughts, ed.R. K. Prabhu and U. R. Rao (Ahmedabad, India: Jitendra T Desai Navajivan Mudranalaya, 1966), 243–44.
54. Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, ed. Edwin Cannan (London: Methuen, 1961), 1: 475.
55. 「Mahatma Gandhi』s Views,」 TinyTech Plants, http://www.tinytechindia.com/gandhi4.htm (accessed June 14, 2013).
56. Prarelal, Mahatma Gandhi: Poornahuti, vol. 10: The Last Phase, part 2 (Ahmedabad, India: Navajivan Trust, 1956), 522.
第七章 慕課時代：零邊際成本教育
1. 「Skype in the Classroom,」 Skype, 2013, https://education.skype.com/ (accessed November 6, 2013); Sarah Kessler, 「Skype CEO: Our Goal Is to Connect 1 Million Classrooms,」 Mashable, September 21, 2011, http://mashable.com/2011/09/21/skype-in-the-classroom-tony-bates/ (accessed November 12, 2013).
2. 「Curriki at a Glance,」 Curriki homepage, April 2012, http://www.curriki.org/welcome/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Curriki-At-a-Glance-04.04.12-update.pdf (accessed April 23, 2013).
3. 「Einstein Middle School, 8th Grade,」 Facing the Future, http://www.facingthefuture.org/TakeAction/StudentsTakingAction/EinsteinMiddleSchool/tabid/165/Default.aspx#.Ubj2AaIkLE1 (accessed April 18, 2013).
4. Jennifer Rebecca Kelly and Troy D. Abel, 「Fostering Ecological Citizenship: The Case of Environmental Service-Learning in Costa Rica,」 International Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning 6(2) (2012), http://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/cgi/viewcontentcgi?article=1330&context=int_jtl (accessed November 8, 2013).
5. 「Study Finds Environmental Education Programs Leads to Cleaner Air,」 Air Quality Partnership, April 13, 2009, http://www.airqualityaction.org/news.php?newsid=84 (April 11, 2013).
6. Kelly and Abel, 「Fostering Ecological Citizenship.」
7. 「Campus Compact Annual Membership Survey Results,」 Campus Compact, 2011, http://www.compact.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/11/2010-Annual-Survey-Exec-Summary-4-8.pdf (accessed May 5, 2013).
8. William Morgan, 「Standardized Test Scores Improve with Service-Learning,」 National Service-Learning Clearinghouse, 2000, http://www.servicelearning.org/library/resource/4752 (accessed May 1, 2013).
9. Andrew Martin and Andrew W. Lehren, 「A Generation Hobbled by the Soaring Cost of College,」 New York Times, May 12, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/13/business/student-loans-weighing-down-a-generation-with-heavy-debt.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 (accessed May 19, 2013).
10. Carole Cadwalladr, 「Do Online Courses Spell the End for the Traditional University?,」 Guardian, November 10, 2012, http://www.theguardian.com/education/2012/nov/11/online-free-learning-end-of-university (accessed November 1, 2013).
11. Tamar Lewin, 「College of Future Could Be Come One, Come All,」 New York Times, November 19, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/20/education/colleges-turn-to-crowd-sourcing-courses.html?pagewanted=all (accessed November 1, 2013).
12. Richard Perez-Pefia, 「Harvard Asks Graduates to Donate Time to Free Online Humanities Class,」 New York Times, March 25, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/26/education/harvard-asks-alumni-to-donate-time-to-free-online-course.html?_r=0 (accessed November 1, 2013).
13. Kathryn Ware, 「Coursera Co-founder Reports on First 10 Months of Educational Revolution,」 UVA Today, February 21, 2013, http://curry.virginia.edu/articles/coursera-co-founder-reports-on-first-10-months-of-educational-revolution (accessed November 8, 2013); 「Courses,」 Coursera, 2013, https://www.coursera.org/courses, (accessed November 12, 2013).
14. Cindy Atoji Keene, 「A Classroom for the Whole World,」 Boston Globe, May 19, 2013, http://www.bostonglobe.com/business/specials/globe-100/2013/05/18/edx-president-anant-agarwal-aims-reach-billion-students-around-world/Kv5DZOiB0ABh84F4oM8luN/story.html (accessed October 30, 2013); Thomas L. Friedman, 「Revolution Hits the Universities,」 New York Times, January 26, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/27/opinion/sunday/friedman-revolution-hits-the-universities.html?_r=0 (accessed October 31, 2013).
15. Cadwalladr, 「Do Online Courses Spell the End.」
16. Cadwalladr, 「Do Online Courses Spell the End.」
17. Josh Catone, 「In the Future, The Cost of Education Will Be Zero,」 Mashable, July 24, 2013, http://mashable.com/2009/07/24/education-social-media/ (accessed August 6, 2013).
18. Tamar Lewin, 「Universities Team with Online Course Provider,」 New York Times, May 30, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/30/education/universities-team-with-online-course-provider.html (accessed November 1, 2013).
19. 「Costs for University of Maryland College Park,」 CollegeCalc, http://www.collegecalc.org/colleges/maryland/university-of-maryland-college-park/ (accessed June 28, 2013).
20. Geoffrey A. Fowler, 「An Early Report Card on Massive Open Online Courses,」 Wall Street Journal, October 8, 2013, http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303759604579093400834738972 (accessed November 25, 2013).
21. Tamar Lewin, 「Universities Reshaping Education on the Web,」 New York Times, July 17, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/17/education/consortium-of-colleges-takes-online-education-to-new-level.html?pagewanted=all (accessed October 28, 2013).
22. Kevin Carey, 「Into the Future with MOOC』s,」 Chronicle of Higher Education, September 3, 2012, http://chronicle.com/article/Into-the-Future-With-MOOCs/134080/ (accessed October 28, 2013).
第八章 最後一個站著的工人
1. Jeremy Rifkin, The End of Work (New York: G. P. Putnam』s Sons, 1995), xv.
2. Jacob Goldstein and Lam Thuy Vo, 「22 Million Americans Are Unemployed Or Underemployed,」 NPR, April 4, 2013, httpwww.npr.orgblogsmoney2013040417569781323-million-americans-are-unemployed-or-underemployed (accessed November 12, 2013).
3. Jenny Marlar, 「Global Unemployment at 8% in 2011,」 Gallup World, April 17, 2012, http://www.gallup.com/poll/153884/global-unemployment-2011.aspx (accessed October 15, 2013).
4. 「Difference Engine: Luddite Legacy,」 Economist, November 4, 2011, http://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2011/11/artificial-intelligence (accessed July 9, 2013).
5. 「Difference Engine: Luddite Legacy,」 Economist, November 4, 2011, http://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2011/11/artificial-intelligence (accessed July 9, 2013).
6. Michaela D. Platzer and Glennon J. Harrison, 「The U.S. Automotive Industry: National and State Trends in Manufacturing Employment,」 Cornell University ILR School, August 2009, 8, http://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1671&context=key_workplace (accessed July 7, 2013).
7. James Sherk,」Technology Explains Drop in Manufacturing Jobs,」 Heritage Foundation, October 12, 2010, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2010/10/technology-explains-drop-in-manufacturing-jobs (accessed August 10, 2013).
8. Mark J. Perry, 「The US Economy Is Now Producing 2.2% More Output than before the Recession, but with 3.84 Million Fewer Workers,」 American Enterprise Institute, November 6,2012, http://www.aei-ideas.org/2012/11/the-us-economy-is-now-producing-2-2-more-output-than-before-the-recession-but-with-3-84-million-fewer-workers/ (accessed September 3, 2013).
9. Boerje Langefors, 「Automated Design,」 in Robert Colborn, Modern Science and Technology (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1965), 699.
10. Management Report on Numerically Controlled Machine Tools (Chicago: Cox and Cox Consulting, 1958).
11. Alan A. Smith to J. O. McDonough, September 18, 1952, N/C Project Files, MIT Archives.
12. Peter Joseph, Roxanne Meadows, and Jacque Fresco, 「The Zeitgeist Movement: Observations and Responses,」 Zeitgeist Movement, February 2009 http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/socio politica/zeitgeist08.htm (accessed June 13, 2013).
13. Caroline Baum, 「So Who』s Stealing China』s Manufacturing Jobs?,」 Bloomberg, October 14 2003, http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aRI4bAft7Xw4 (accessed July 1, 2013).
14. John Markoff, 「Skilled Work, without the Worker,」 New York Times, August 18, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/19/business/new-wave-of-adept-robots-is-changing-global-industry.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 (accessed July 1, 2013).
15. John Markoff, 「Skilled Work, without the Worker,」 New York Times, August 18, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/19/business/new-wave-of-adept-robots-is-changing-global-industry.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 (accessed July 1, 2013).
16. 「World Robotics 2012 Industrial Robots,」 International Federation of Robotics, http://www.ifr.org/industrial-robots/statistics/ (accessed May 26, 2013).
17. Russell Roberts, 「Obama vs. ATMs: Why Technology Doesn』t Destroy Jobs,」 Wall Street Journal,June 22, 2011, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702304070104576399704275939640.html (accessed May 26, 2013).
18. Katie Drummond, 「Clothes Will Sew Themselves in Darpa』s Sweat-Free Sweatshops,」 Wired, June 8, 2012, http://www.wired.com/dangerroom/2012/06/darpa-sweatshop/ (accessed June 1, 2013).
19. Bernard Condon, 「Millions of Middle-Class Jobs Killed by Machines in Great Recession』s Wake,」 Huffington Post, January 23, 2013, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/23/middle-class -jobs-machines_n_2532639.html?view=print&comm_ref=false (accessed July 21, 2013).
20. Joseph G. Carson, 「US Economic and Investment Perspectives — Manufacturing Payrolls Declining Globally: The Untold Story (Part 2),」 AllianceBernstein (October 2003).
21. 「Postal Service Flexes Its Workforce Flexibility,」 USPS Office of Inspector General, June 10, 2013, http://www.uspsoig.gov/blog/postal-service-flexes-its-workforce-flexibility/, (accessed June 13,2013).
22. 「Occupational Employment and Wages News Release,」 U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, March 29, 2013, http://www.bls.gov/news.release/ocwage.htm (accessed August 3, 2013).
23. Condon, 「Millions of Middle-Class Jobs Killed by Machines in Great Recession』s Wake.」
24. Bill Siwicki, 「Wal-Mart expands Self-Checkout in Stores via Its iPhone App,」 Internet Retailer, February 20, 2013, http://www.internetretailer.com/2013/02/20/wal-mart-expands-self-checkout-stores-its-iphone-app (accessed November 3, 2013).
25. Ricardo Sanchez, 「Brick and Mortar vs. Online Retailers, A Decade Later...,」 On Techies, January 31, 2012, http://ontechies.com/2012/01/31/brick-and-mortar-vs-online-retailers-a-decade-later/ (accessed June 17, 2013).
26. Ricardo Sanchez, 「Brick and Mortar vs. Online Retailers, A Decade Later...,」 On Techies, January 31, 2012, http://ontechies.com/2012/01/31/brick-and-mortar-vs-online-retailers-a-decade-later/ (accessed June 17, 2013).
27. Sun Joo Kim, 「How Will Brick and Mortar Stores Survive?,」 Smart Planet, October 19, 2012, http://www.smartplanet.com/blog/bulletin/how-will-brick-and-mortar-stores-survive/3122 (accessed June 19, 2013).
28. Barney Jopson, 「Shoes Stores Sock It to Online Buyers,」 Financial Times, May 5, 2013, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/42893492-b385-11e2-b5a5-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2W1rGveQo (accessed November 7, 2013).
29. Campbell Phillips, 「『Fit-lifters』 Give Showrooming Shoe Browsers a Bad Name,」 Power Retail, May 6, 2013, http://www.powerretail.com.au/multichannel/fit-lifters-give-showrooming-a-bad-name/ (accessed July 6, 2013).
30. Jason Perlow, 「In the Battle of Clicks versus Bricks, Retail Must Transform or Die,」 ZDNet, December 8, 2011, http://www.zdnet.com/blog/perlow/in-the-battle-of-clicks-versus-bricks-retail-must-transform-or-die/19418 (accessed August 3, 2013).
31. 「Occupational Employment and Wages News Release,」 U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, March 29, 2013, http://www.bls.gov/news.release/ocwage.htm (accessed June 8, 2013).
32. John Markoff, 「Armies of Expensive Lawyers, Replaced by Cheaper Software,」 New York Times, March 4, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/05/science/05legal.html?pagewanted=all (accessed October 20, 2013).
33. John Markoff, 「Armies of Expensive Lawyers, Replaced by Cheaper Software,」 New York Times, March 4, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/05/science/05legal.html?pagewanted=all (accessed October 20, 2013).
34. Christopher Steiner, 「Automatons Get Creative,」 New York Times, August 17, 2012, http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10000872396390444375104577591304277229534#printprin (accessed June 30, 2013).
35. Christopher Steiner, 「Automatons Get Creative,」 New York Times, August 17, 2012, http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10000872396390444375104577591304277229534#printprin (accessed June 30, 2013).
36. 「IBM Watson: Ushering in a New Era of Computing,」 IBM, http://www-03.ibm.com/innovation/us/watson/ (accessed October 22, 2013).
37. Brian T. Horowitz, 「IBM, Nuance to Tune Watson Supercomputer for Use in Health Care,」 EWeek, February 17, 2011, http://www.eweek.com/c/a/Health-Care-IT/IBM-Nuance-to-Tune-Watson-Supercomputer-for-Use-in-Health-Care-493127/ (accessed October 22, 2013).
38. Associated Press, 「Watson』s Medical Expertise Offered Commercially,」 Telegram, February 8 2013, http://www.telegram.com/article/20130208/NEWS/102089640/0 (accessed October 22, 2013).
39. 「Lionbridge Language Solution Provider Expands Opportunities with Translation Technology,」 Microsoft Case Studies, July 9, 2013, http://www.microsoft.com/casestudies/Bing/Lionbridge/Language-Solution-Provider-Expands-Opportunities-with-Translation-Technology/710000001102 (accessed September 4, 2013).
40. Niko Papula, 「Are Translators Losing Their Jobs Because of Machine Translation?,」 Multilizer Translation Blog, April 13, 2011, http://translation-blog.multilizer.com/are-translators-losing -their-jobs-because-of-machine-translation/ (accessed September 6, 2013).
第九章 產消者和智能經濟時代的來臨
1. Harold Hotelling, 「The General Welfare in Relation to Problems of Taxation and of Railway and Utility Rates,」 Econometrica 6(3) (July, 1938): 242.
2. Harold Hotelling, 「The General Welfare in Relation to Problems of Taxation and of Railway and Utility Rates,」 Econometrica 6(3) (July, 1938):258。
3. Harold Hotelling, 「The General Welfare in Relation to Problems of Taxation and of Railway and Utility Rates,」 Econometrica 6(3) (July, 1938):260–261。
4. Harold Hotelling, 「The General Welfare in Relation to Problems of Taxation and of Railway and Utility Rates,」 Econometrica 6(3) (July, 1938):242。
5. Ronald H. Coase, 「The Marginal Cost Controversy,」 Economica 13(51) (August, 1946): 180.
6. Ronald H. Coase, 「The Marginal Cost Controversy,」 Economica 13(51) (August, 1946):173。
7. John F. Duffy, 「The Marginal Cost Controversy in Intellectual Property,」 University of Chicago Law Review 71(1) (2004): 38.
8. Robert S. McIntyre, Matthew Gardner, Rebecca J. Wilkins, and Richard Phillips, 「Corporate Taxpayers & Corporate Tax Dodgers 2008–10,」 Citizens for Tax Justice and the Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy, November, 2011, http://www.ctj.org/corporatetaxdodgers/CorporateTaxDodgersReport.pdf (accessed October 7, 2013).
9. 「ICT Facts and Figures: The World in 2013,」 ICT Data and Statistics Division of the International Telecommunication Union, February 2013, 2, http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Documents/facts/ICTFactsFigures2013.pdf (accessed October 2, 2013).
10. United Nations Environment Programme, 「Feed in Tariffs as a Policy Instrument for Promoting Renewable Energies and Green Economies in Developing Countries,」 ed. Wilson Rickerson, Chad Laurent, David Jacobs, Christina Dietrich and Christina Hanley, 2012, 4, http://www.unep.org/pdf/UNEP_FIT_Report_2012F.pdf (accessed October 21, 2013).
11. United Nations Environment Programme, 「Feed in Tariffs as a Policy Instrument for Promoting Renewable Energies and Green Economies in Developing Countries,」 ed. Wilson Rickerson, Chad Laurent, David Jacobs, Christina Dietrich and Christina Hanley, 2012, 4, http://www.unep.org/pdf/UNEP_FIT_Report_2012F.pdf (accessed October 21, 2013).
12. Geert De Clercq, 「Renewables Turn Utilities into Dinosaurs of the Energy World,」 Reuters, March 8, 2013, http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/03/08/us-utilities-threat-idUSBRE92709E20130308 (accessed August 30, 2013).
13. Dave Toke, 「Community Wind Power in Europe and in UK,」 Wind Engineering 29(3) (2005).
14. De Clercq, 「Renewables Turn Utilities into Dinosaurs.」
15. De Clercq, 「Renewables Turn Utilities into Dinosaurs.
16. De Clercq, 「Renewables Turn Utilities into Dinosaurs.
17. 「Smart Grid Investment Grant Program: Progress Report,」 U.S. Department of Energy, July, 2012, ii, http://www.smartgrid.gov/sites/default/files/doc/files/sgig-progress-report-final-submitted-07-16-12.pdf (accessed February 3, 2014).
18. Litos Strategic Communication, 「The Smart Grid: An Introduction,」 U.S. Department of Energy, 2008, 5, http://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/oeprod/DocumentsandMedia/DOE_SG_Book_Single_Pages.pdf (accessed September 3, 2013).
19. 「Technology,」 Transphorm, Inc., http://www.transphormusa.com/technology (accessed June 6, 2013).
20. 「Estimating the Costs and Benefits of the Smart Grid: A Preliminary Estimate of the Investment Requirements and the Resultant Benefits of a Fully Functioning Smart Grid,」 Electric Power Research Institute, March 2011, 4, http://ipu.msu.edu/programs/MIGrid2011/presentations/pdfs/Reference Material - Estimating the Costs and Benefits of the Smart Grid.pdf (accessed February 3, 2014).
21. Michael Bame, 「USS Gerald Ford Aircraft Carrier,」 About.com, 2013, http://defense.about.com/od/Navy/a/Uss-Gerald-Ford-Aircraft-Carrier.htm (accessed June 17, 2013); 「Building an Energy Future: Annual Report,」 Royal Dutch Shell, December 31, 2012: 10, http://reports.shell.com/annual-review/2012/servicepages/downloads/files/entire_shell_review_12.pdf (accessed February 3, 2014).
22. Vaclav Smil, 「Moore』s Curse and the Great Energy Delusion,」 American, November 19, 2008, http://www.american.com/archive/2008/november-december-magazine/moore2019s-curse-and-the-great-energy-delusion (accessed June 6, 2013).
23. Scott DiSavino, 「U.S. Smart Grid to Cost Billions, Save Trillions,」 Reuters, May 24, 2011, http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/05/24/us-utilities-smartgrid-epri-idUSTRE74N7O420110524 (accessed June 7, 2013); 「Estimating the Costs and Benefits of the Smart Grid: A Preliminary Estimate.」 Electric Power Research Institute, March 2011, 21.
24. 「Growing International Co-Operation Driving the Spread of Smart Grids,」 GlobalData (June, 2012): 1–7.
25. Katie Fehrenbacher, 「For the Smart Grid, the Wireless Debates Are Over,」 Gigaom, January 23, 2012, http://gigaom.com/2012/01/23/for-the-smart-grid-the-wireless-debates-are-over/ (accessed July 5, 2013).
26. Dave Karpinski, 「Making the 『Smart Grid』 Smarter with Broadband Wireless Networks and the Internet,」 Crain』s Cleveland Business, September 11, 2012, http://www.crainscleveland.com/article/20120911/BLOGS05/309119999 (accessed July 7, 2013).
27. Dave Karpinski, 「Making the 『Smart Grid』 Smarter with Broadband Wireless Networks and the Internet,」 Crain』s Cleveland Business, September 11, 2012, http://www.crainscleveland.com/article/20120911/BLOGS05/309119999 (accessed July 7, 2013).
28. Sunil Paul and Nick Allen, 「Inventing the Cleanweb,」 MIT Technology Review, April 2, 2012, http://www.technologyreview.com/news/427382/inventing-the-cleanweb/ (accessed August 17, 2013).
29. Paul Boutin, 「The Law of Online Sharing,」 MIT Technology Review, January/February 2012.
30. Yuliya Chernova, 「New York』s Cleanweb Hackathon Sparks Green Ideas Where Cleantech and IT Intersect,」 Wall Street Journal, October 2, 2012, http://blogs.wsj.com/venturecapital/2012/10/02/new-yorks-cleanweb-hackathon-sparks-green-ideas-where-clean-tech-and-it-intersect/ (accessed September 3, 2013); Martin LaMonica, 「Cleanweb Hackers Get Busy with Energy Data,」 CNET, January 23, 2012, http://news.cnet.com/8301-11128_3-57363873-54/cleanweb-hackers-get-busy-with-energy-data/ (accessed September 3, 2013).
31. Paul and Allen, 「Inventing the Cleanweb.」
32. 「Green Button Data: More Power to You,」 U.S. Department of Energy, May 18, 2012, http://energy.gov/articles/green-button-data-more-power-you (accessed September 10, 2013).
33. 「Statements of Support for Green Button Initiative,」 White Houe Office of Science and Technology Policy, last modified March 22, 2012, http://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/eop/ostp/pressroom/03222012-support (accessed August 22, 2013).
34. 「Check Out the Social Energy App by Facebook, NRDC, Opower,」 Alliance to Save Energy, last modified March 20, 2012, http://www.ase.org/efficiencynews/preview-social-energy-app-facebook-nrdc-opower (accessed July 19, 2013).
35. Dominic Basulto, 「The Cleanweb: Green Energy Meets Moore』s Law,」 Big Think, May 15, 2012, http://bigthink.com/endless-innovation/the-cleanweb-green-energy-meets-moores-law (accessed July 19, 2013).
36. Cecilia Kang, 「Tech, Telecom Giants Take Sides as FCC Proposes Public Wi-Fi Networks,」 Cullman Times, February 4, 2013, http://www.cullmantimes.com/local/x1303538507/Tech-Telecom-Giants-Take-Sides-as-FCC-Proposes-Public-Wi-Fi-Networks (accessed November 3, 2013).
37. Cecilia Kang, 「Tech, Telecom Giants Take Sides as FCC Proposes Public Wi-Fi Networks,」 Cullman Times, February 4, 2013, http://www.cullmantimes.com/local/x1303538507/Tech-Telecom-Giants-Take-Sides-as-FCC-Proposes-Public-Wi-Fi-Networks (accessed November 3, 2013).
38. Cecilia Kang, 「Tech, Telecom Giants Take Sides as FCC Proposes Public Wi-Fi Networks,」 Cullman Times, February 4, 2013, http://www.cullmantimes.com/local/x1303538507/Tech-Telecom-Giants-Take-Sides-as-FCC-Proposes-Public-Wi-Fi-Networks (accessed November 3, 2013).
39. Cecilia Kang, 「Tech, Telecom Giants Take Sides as FCC Proposes Public Wi-Fi Networks,」 Cullman Times, February 4, 2013, http://www.cullmantimes.com/local/x1303538507/Tech-Telecom-Giants-Take-Sides-as-FCC-Proposes-Public-Wi-Fi-Networks (accessed November 3, 2013).
40. Cecilia Kang, 「Tech, Telecom Giants Take Sides as FCC Proposes Public Wi-Fi Networks,」 Cullman Times, February 4, 2013, http://www.cullmantimes.com/local/x1303538507/Tech-Telecom-Giants-Take-Sides-as-FCC-Proposes-Public-Wi-Fi-Networks (accessed November 3, 2013).
41. Cecilia Kang, 「Tech, Telecom Giants Take Sides as FCC Proposes Public Wi-Fi Networks,」 Cullman Times, February 4, 2013, http://www.cullmantimes.com/local/x1303538507/Tech-Telecom-Giants-Take-Sides-as-FCC-Proposes-Public-Wi-Fi-Networks (accessed November 3, 2013).
42. 「Radio Act of 1927,」 United States Early Radio History, February 23, 1927, http://earlyradiohistory.us/sec023.htm#part090 (accessed October 22, 2013).
43. 「The Communications Act of 1934,」 U.S. Department of Justice, June 19, 1934, http://it.ojp.gov/default.aspx?area=privacy&page=1288#contentTop (accessed October 22, 2013).
44. 「Unlicensed Spectrum Subcommittee Report,」 U.S. Department of Commerce, National Telecommunications and Information Administration, January 6, 2010, 4.
45. 「Unlicensed Spectrum Subcommittee Report,」 U.S. Department of Commerce, National Telecommunications and Information Administration, January 6, 2010, 4.
46. 「Unlicensed Spectrum Subcommittee Report,」 U.S. Department of Commerce, National Telecommunications and Information Administration, January 6, 2010, 4.
47. Carmela Aquino and Sarah Radwanick, 「2012 Mobile Future in Focus,」 ComScore, February 2012, http://www.comscore.com/Insights/Presentations_and_Whitepapers/2012/2012_Mobile_Future_in_Focus (accessed October 23, 2013).
48. 「Cisco Visual Networking Index: Global Mobile Data Traffic Forecast Update, 2010–2015,」 Cisco, February 1, 2011, 10, http://newsroom.cisco.com/ekits/Cisco_VNI_Global_Mobile_Data_Traffic_Forecast_2010_2015.pdf (accessed February 3, 2014).
49. 「Cisco Visual Networking Index: Global Mobile Data Traffic Forecast Update, 2012–2017,」 Cisco, February 6, 2013, 11, http://www.cisco.com/en/US/solutions/collateral/ns341/ns525/ns537/ns705/ns827/white_paper_c11-520862.html (accessed February 3, 2014).
50. Yochai Benkler, 「Open Wireless vs. Licensed Spectrum: Evidence from Market Adoption,」 Harvard Journal of Law and Technology 26(1) (2012), http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/publications/2012/unlicensed_wireless_v_licensed_spectrum (accessed October 23, 2013).
51. 「Auctions,」 U.S. Federal Communications Commission, http://www.fcc.gov/topic/auctions (accessed June 4, 2013).
第十章 共享的喜劇
1. Garrett Hardin, 「The Tragedy of the Commons,」 Science 162(3859) (December 13, 1968): 1244.
2. Garrett Hardin, 「The Tragedy of the Commons,」 Science 162(3859) (December 13, 1968):1243–1248。
3. Garrett Hardin, 「Political Requirements for Preserving Our Common Heritage,」 in Wildlife and America, ed. Howard P. Brokaw (Washington, DC: Council on Environmental Quality, 1978), 310–17.
4. Carol Rose, 「The Comedy of the Commons,」 University of Chicago Law Review 53(3) (1986): 720.
5. Crawford B. Macpherson, Democratic Theory (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973), 123–24.
6. Rose, 「The Comedy of the Commons,」 767.
7. Rose, 「The Comedy of the Commons,」，768。
8. Rose, 「The Comedy of the Commons,」，774。
9. Rose, 「The Comedy of the Commons,」，774。
10. Elinor Ostrom, Governing the Commons, (Cambridge University Press, 1990), 58.
11. Hardin, 「The Tragedy of the Commons,」 1244.
12. Ostrom, Governing the Commons, 59.
13. Ostrom, Governing the Commons, 59.
14. Ostrom, Governing the Commons,，61–62。
15. Ostrom, Governing the Commons,62。
16. Robert McC. Netting, 「What Alpine Peasants Have in Common: Observations on the Communal Tenure in a Swiss Village,」 Human Ecology 4(2) (1976): 135–46.
17. Ostrom, Governing the Commons, 62.
18. Ostrom, Governing the Commons, 62–63。
19. Netting, 「What Alpine Peasants Have in Common.」
20. Ostrom, Governing the Commons, 64.
21. Ostrom, Governing the Commons,91–102。
22. Elinor Ostrom, 「Beyond Markets and States: Polycentric Governance of Complex Economic Systems,」 Nobel Prize lecture, Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis from Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, December 8, 2009, 424, 425, http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/2009/ostrom_lecture.pdf (accessed November 3, 2013).
23. Elinor Ostrom, 「Beyond Markets and States: Polycentric Governance of Complex Economic Systems,」 Nobel Prize lecture, Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis from Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, December 8, 2009, 424, 425, http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/2009/ostrom_lecture.pdf (accessed November 3, 2013).
24. Douglas Robinson and Nina Medlock, 「Diamond v. Chakrabarty: A Retrospective on 25 Years of Biotech Patents,」 Intellectual Property and Technology Law Journal 17(10) (2005): 12.
25. Leonard S. Rubenstein, 「Brief on Behalf of the Peoples Business Commission, Amicus Curiae,」 regarding Diamond v. Chakrabarty, no. 79-136, December 13, 1979, http://www.justice.gov/atr/public/workshops/ag2010/015/AGW-14399-a.doc (accessed November 1, 2013).
26. Leonard S. Rubenstein, 「Brief on Behalf of the Peoples Business Commission, Amicus Curiae,」 regarding Diamond v. Chakrabarty, no. 79-136, December 13, 1979, http://www.justice.gov/atr/public/workshops/ag2010/015/AGW-14399-a.doc (accessed November 1, 2013).
27. 「New Forms of Life Can be Patented U.S. Court Rules,」 Montreal Gazette (Associated Press), June 17 1980, http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&dat=19800617&id=OokxAAAAIBAJ&sjid=dKQFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3169,3065019 (accessed July 20, 2013).
28. 「A History of Firsts,」 Genentech, 2012, http://www.gene.com/media/company-information/chronology (accessed June 19, 2013).
29. Keith Schneider, 「Harvard Gets Mouse Patent, A World First,」 New York Times, April 13, 1988, http://www.nytimes.com/1988/04/13/us/harvard-gets-mouse-patent-a-world-first.html?pagewanted=print&src=pm (accessed June 25, 2013).
30. Marcy Darnovsky and Jesse Reynolds, 「The Battle to Patent Your Genes,」 American Interest, September/October 2009, http://www.the-american-interest.com/article-bd.cfm?piece=653 (accessedJuly 20, 2013).
31. 「Porto Alegre Treaty to Share the Genetic Commons,」 UK Food Group, February 1, 2002, http://www.ukabc.org/genetic_commons_treaty.htm (accessed July 21, 2013).
32. John Roach, 「『Doomsday』 Vault Will End Crop Extinction, Expert Says,」 National Geographic, December 27, 2007, http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/12/071227-seed-vault.html (accessed April 28, 2013).
33. Aaron Saenz, 「Costs of DNA Sequencing Falling Fast — Look at these Graphs!,」 Singularity University, March 5, 2001, http://singularityhub.com/2011/03/05/costs-of-dna-sequencing-falling-fast-look-at-these-graphs/ (accessed June 19, 2013).
34. David Altshuler, John Bell, Todd Golub, et al, 「Creating a Global Alliance to Enable Responsible Sharing of Genomic and Clinical Data,」 Broad Institute, June 3 2013, http://www.broad institute.org/files/news/pdfs/GAWhitePaperJune3.pdf (accessed November 8, 2013).
35. Ariana Eunjung Cha, 「Glowing Plants Illuminate Regulatory Debate,」 Washington Post, October 4, 2013, http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/glowing-plant-project-on-kickstarter-sparks-debate-about-regulation-of-dna-modification/2013/10/03/e01db276-1c78-11e3-82ef-a059e54c49d0_story.html (accessed November 8, 2013).
36. Ariana Eunjung Cha, 「Glowing Plants Illuminate Regulatory Debate,」 Washington Post, October 4, 2013, http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/glowing-plant-project-on-kickstarter-sparks-debate-about-regulation-of-dna-modification/2013/10/03/e01db276-1c78-11e3-82ef-a059e54c49d0_story.html (accessed November 8, 2013).
37. Jeremy Rifkin, The Biotech Century (New York: Jeremy P. Tarcher/Putnam Books, 1998), 9.
38. Kendall Haven, One Hundred Greatest Science Discoveries of All Time (Westport, CT: Libraries Unlimited, 2007), 221.
39. Lydia Nenow, 「To Patent or Not to Patent: The European Union』s New Biotech Directive,」 Houston Journal of International Law 23(3) (2001): 25, http://www.thefreelibrary.com/To+patent+or+not+to+patent%3A+the+European+Union』s+new+biotech . . . -a075908314 (accessed November 7, 2013).
第十一章 一場深刻的社會變革
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