第四部分進一步閱讀書目

試圖解釋人類近期歷史總體方向的著作包括:Daniel Chirot,Social Change in the Twentieth Century(New York,1977);Angus Maddison,Dynamic Forces in Capitalist Development:A Long Run Comparative View(Oxford,1991);Joseph M.Kitagawa,The Quest for Human Unity:A Religious History(Minneapolis,1990);Trevor I.Williams, Science:A History of Discovery in the Twentieth Century(New York,1990);Kenneth Boulding, The Meaning of the Twentieth Century:The Great Transition (New York,1964);William H.McNeill,The Human Condition:An Ecological and Historical View(Princeton,1980);Alfred W.Crosby,Ecological Imperialism:The Biological Expansion of Europe,900~1900(Cambridge,1986);B.L.Turner II,ed.,The Earth as Transformed by Human Action:Global and Regional Changes in the Biosphere over the Past300 Years(Cambridge,1990);Norbert Wiener,The Human Use of Human Beings,Cybernetics and Society(Garden City,N.Y.,1954);和Alfred D.Chandler,Jr.,Scale and Scope:The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism(Cambridge,Mass.,1990)。

國際政治由下列著作進行了富有洞見的論述:A.J.P.Tailor,The Struggle for Mastery in Europe,1848~1918(Oxford,1987);Norman Rich,Great Power Diplomacy,1814~1914(New York,1992);Paul M.Kennedy,The Rise and Fall of the Great Power:Economic Change and Military Conflict from1500 to2000 (New York,1989);Hugh Tinker,Race,Conflict and the International Order:From Empire to United Nations(London,1977);和Walter A.McDougall,The Heavens and the Earth:A Political History of the Space Age(New York,1985)。

關於帝國主義,經典的馬克思主義解釋見Vladimir I.Lenin,Imperialism,The Highest Stage of Capitalism(New York,1939)。關於其他觀點,見:Wolfgang J.Mommsen,Theories of Imperialism(Chicago,1982);Woodruff D.Smith,European Imperialism in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries(Chicago,1982);Daniel R.Headrick,The Tools of Empire:Technology and European Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century(New York,1981);和Philip Darby,Three Faces of Imperialism:British and American Approaches to Asia and Africa,1870~1970(New Haven,Conn.,1987)。

關於戰爭,值得推薦的書目包括:Theodore J.Ropp,War in the Modern World,rev.ed.(New York,1962);Michael Howard,War in European History(Oxford,976);William H.McNeill,Pursuit of Power:Technology,Armed Force,and Society since A.D.1000(Chicago,1982);和Raymond Aron,The Century of Total War(Boston,1955)。關於一戰的序幕,見Laurence Lafore,The Long Fuse:An Interpretation of the Origins of World War I(Philadelphia,1965),和Fritz Fischer,Germanys Arms in the First World War(New York,1967)特別有趣。關於第一次世界大戰,見Marc Ferro,The Great War,1914~1918(New York,1989);Barbara Tuchman,The Guns of August(New York,1982);和 Gerd Hartach,The First World War1914~1918(Berkeley,1981)。

關於俄國革命,John Reed,Ten Days That Shock the World(New York,1992)是一名富有激情的記者的經典而富有同情心的現場描述。Leon Trosky, History of the Russian Revolution,3 vols.(London,1932~1933;reissue,New York,1980),是一部由十月革命宣傳家之一撰寫的卓越的、富有見地的歷史著作。關於其他觀點,見Edward Acton,Rethinking the Russian Revolution(London,1990);E.H.Carr,The Bolshevik Revolution,1917~1923, 3vols.(London,1985);John L.H.Keep,The Russian Revolution:A Study in Mass Mobilization(New York,1976);和Allan K.Wildman,The End of the Russian Imperial Army,2 vols.(Princeton,1980~1987).關於蘇維埃社會和政府,Roy Medvedev, Let History Judge:The Origins and Consequences of Stalinism,rev.ed.(New York,1989),是從俄國內部發出的強烈批評觀點。局外人的評估包括:Robert C.Tucker,Stalin in Power:The Revolution from Above(New York,1990);Adam B.Ulam,Stalin:The Man and His Era,rev.ed.(Boston,1989);和Alec Nove,An Economic History of the USSR,1917~1991,3rded.(Harmondsworth,1992)。

關於戰後和20世紀30年代的「大蕭條」,見Sally Marks,The Illusion of Peace:International Relations in Europe1918~1933 (New York,1976);Franz Borkenau,World Communism:A History of the Communist International(Ann Arbor,Mich.,1962);Hannah Arendt,The Origins of Totalitarianism(San Diego,1979);Ernst Nolte,Three Faces of Fascism:Action Francaise,Italian Fascism,National Socialism,(New York,1969);Charles P.Kindelberger,The World in Depression,1929~1939(Berkeley,Cal.,1986);和Hugh Thomas,The Spanish Civil War,rev.ed.(1977)。

為了理解那些轉變公共事務的思想潮流,最好是閱讀原著。下面是一些最有影響的著作:Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels,The Communist Manifesto(1848 and available in numerous reprints)短小精悍;Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf(New York,1939)極其冗長而不著邊際,但是「法西斯主義」一文最初發表在Encyclopedia Italiana,而且經常被重印——例如,本尼托·墨索里尼,Fascism:Doctrine and Institutions(New York,1968)一書就收錄了此文——就比較簡短而清晰。Sigmund Freud, The Interpretation of Dreams (初版於1899年;1987年紐約重印),既簡短又有趣;Albert Einstein,The Meaning of Relativity,5th ed.(New York,1956)非常成功地把抽像的物理學變得普通讀者也能理解。有幫助的二手著作包括:Stuart Hughes,Consciousness and Society:the Reorientation of European Social Thought,1890~1930,rev.ed.(New York,1977);James H.Billington,Fire in the Minds of Men:Origins of the Revolutionary Faith(New York,1980);和Jim Sampson,ed.,The Late Romantic Era:From mid-Nineteenth Century to World War I(Englewood Cliffs,N.J.,1991)。

第二次世界大戰促使戰勝國編纂了大量的官方史學論著。最令人印象深刻的是Samuel Morrison的History of U.S.Naval Operations in World War II,15 vols.(Boston,1947~1962)。J.V.Stalin, On the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union(New York,1945)給出了完全不同的觀點。較早的綜合性分析現在被Gerhand L.Weinberg,A World at Arms:A Global History of World War II(Cambridge,1994)超越了。對於那些被Weinberg那1178頁大作嚇倒的讀者來說,Gordon Wright的富有洞見的 The Ordeal of Total War,1939~1945(New York,1966)也許值得推薦。Albert Speer,Inside the Third Reich(New York,1970)提供了內部人士對納粹戰爭努力的敘述;Alan S.Milward,War,Economy and Society,1939~1945(Berkeley,Cal.,1977)是一部內容廣闊、學術性強的關於戰爭動員如何影響參戰國的著作。

冷戰也產生了大量的史學論著。John L.Gaddis,The Long Peace:Inquiries into the History of the Cold War(New York,1987),是一部很好的入門讀物。Walter LaFeber,America,Russia and the Cold War,1945~1992,6th ed.(New York,1991)是一本著名的教材。關於其他方面,見Lawrence S.Kaplan,NATO and the United States:The Enduring Alliance(Boston,1988);Derek W.Unwin,The Community of Europe:A History of European Integration since1945 (New York,1991);Peter R.Odell,Oil and World Power, 8th ed.(New York,1986);R.F.Holland,European Decolonization,1918~1981(New York,1985);Robert Gilpin,The Political Economy of International Relations(Princeton,1987);Werner J.Feld,Nongovernmental Forces and World Politics:A Study of Business,Labor and Political Groups(New York,1972);以及Robert O.Keohane and Joseph S.Nye,Jr.,eds.,Transnational Relations and World Politics(Cambridge,Mass.,1972)。指導美國冷戰政策的一些觀念最初由George F.Kennan清醒地認識到,並且發表在他優雅的小書 American Diplomacy,1900~1950(Chicago,1951)中。

聯合國每年都編輯出版世界人口統計,經常發佈一些專題研究,如Consequences of Rapid Population Growth in Developing Countries(New York,1991)。關於獨立的學術評估,見D.Gale Johnson and Ronald D.Lee,eds.,Population Growth and Economic Development:Issues and Evidence(Madison,Wisc.,1987)。關於生育率下降,Ansley J.Coale and Susan Cotts Watkins,eds.,The Decline of Fertility in Europe(Princeton,1986)是權威的著作。

關於即時通訊及其社會影響,至今還未出現滿意的全球性研究,但是可以參考:Gerald W.Brock,The Telecommunications Industry(Cambridge,Mass.,1981);Daniel J.Czitrom, Media and the American Mind (Chapel Hill,N.C.,1982);和Ernst Braun and Stuart McDonald,Revolution in Miniature:The History and Impact of Semiconductor Electronics,2nd ed.(Cambridge,Mass.,1982)。Richard Critchfield,The Villagers:Changed Values,Altered Lives and the Closing of the Urban-Rural Gap(New York,1994),提供了最近鄉村態度變化的一系列最新的和令人信服的個案研究。

西方人常常假定,他們中間發生的事情就是全世界的走向,現代通信使這種假設並沒有比過去更少誤導。但是對新觀念和新技術的反動也是各種各樣的,下面提及的著作在某種程度上表明了世界各地的多樣性。

非洲。除了上述第二、第三部分進一步閱讀書目說明中列舉的之外,下列著作值得留意。Paul Bohannan and Philip D.Curtin,Africa and Africans,3rded.(Prospect Heights,Ill.,1988)是一部特別優秀的通史教材;Roland Oliver,The African Experience(New York,1991)簡明地歸納了他對非洲歷史和社會的畢生研究成果。關於奴隸制,Patrick Manning, Slavery and African Life:Occidental,Oriental and African Slave Trades(Cambridge,1990),是近代非洲最獨特的歷史統計研究。關於非殖民化的總體研究,試試Prosser Gifford and William Roger Louis,eds.,Decolonization and African Independence:The Transfers of Power,1960~1980(New Haven,Conn.,1988)。關於南非種族關係的心酸描述,Alan Paton的小說Cry the Beloved Country(New York,1948)是最有教益的。關於非洲最終成功地抵制了種族隔離,見Sheridan Johns and R.Hunt Davis,eds.,Mandela,Tambo,and the African National Congress:The Struggle against Apartheid,1948~1990(New York,1991)。

伊斯蘭教世界。在第三部分進一步閱讀書目說明中「伊斯蘭教世界」條目下列舉的著作都涉及了更近的時代。Ira M.Lapidus,A History of Islamic Societies(Cambridge,Mass.,1988)是近來對伊斯蘭教各國整體進行解釋的著作中最具抱負的,但是不能取代Marshall G.S.Hodgson,The Venture of Islam,3 vols.(Chicago,1974)。還可參見Edmund Burke III and Ira M.Lapidus,Islam,Politics and Social Movements(Berkeley,1988);Charles P.Issawi,An Economic History of the Middle East and North Africa(New York,1982);和Elie Kedourie,Politics in the Middle East(Oxford,1992)。

關於阿拉伯—以色列衝突,中立的論述似乎仍然是不可能的,但是Sydney D.Bailey,Four Arab-Israeli Wars and the Peace Process(Bastingstock,UK,1990);J.C.Hurewitz,The Struggle for Palestine,rev.ed.(New York,1978)和Ian Lustick,Arabs in the Jewish State:Israils Control of a National Minority(Austin,Tex.,1980),作了嘗試。關於針鋒相對的觀點,見Lawrence A.Hoffman,ed.,The Land of Israel:Jewish Perspectives(Notre Dame,Ind.,1986)與Edward W.Said,The Question of Palestine(New York,1980)。

關於伊朗1979年革命,見Nikki R.Keddie,Roots of Revolution:An Interpretive History of Modern Iran(New Haven,Conn.,1981);Roy P.Mottahedeh,The Mantle of the Prophet:Religion and Politics in Iran(New York,1985);和James A.Bill, The Eagle and the Lion:The Tragedy of American-Iranian Relations (New Haven,Conn.,1988)。關於伊拉克,見Phoebe Marr,The Modern History of Iraq(Boulder,Col.,1985);Mario Farouk-Sluglett and Peter Sluglett,Iraq since1958:From Revolution to Dictatorship(London,1990);和Efraim Karsh and Inari Rautsi,Saddam Hussein:A Political Biography(New York,1991)。

關於土耳其:Niyazi Berkes,The Development of Secularism in Turkey(Montreal,1964);Walter F.Weiker,The Modernization of Turkey:From Ataturk to the Present Day(New York,1981);和C.H.Dodd,The Crisis of Turkish Democracy,2nd ed.(Huntingdon,Cal.,1990),討論了一個世俗政權的成功和重重困難。關於埃及現代史,見Arthur E.Goldschmidt,Jr., Modern Egypt:The Formation of a Nation State(Boulder,Col.,1988);Panayiotis J.Vatikiotis,The History of Modern Egypt,from Muhammad Ali to Mubarak,4th ed.(Baltimore,Md.,1991);和Derek Hopwood,Egypt:Politics and Society,1945~1990,3rded.(London,1991)。

印度和東南亞。對印度歷史的最好介紹是A.L.Basham,A Cultural History of India(Oxford,1975)。關於社會經濟史,試試Dharma Kumar ed.,The Cambridge Economic History of India,Vol.2,1757~1970 (Cambridge,1983)。關於英國的殖民統治,見Penderel Moon,British Conquest and Dominion of India(London,1989);和L.S.S.OMalley,ed.,Modern India and the West:A Study of the Interaction of Their Civilizations(London,1968)。兩部著名的小說比許多歷史學著作更深刻地揭露了英國統治下的印度:E.M.Forster,A Passage to India(London,1924);和Rudyard Kipling,Kim(London,1901)。Mohandas K.Gandhi,The Story of My Experiments with Truth(Boston,1957);和Jawaharlal Nehru,Towards Freedom:The Autobiography of Jawaharlal Nehru(New York,1941)是現代獨立印度兩位主要締造者的深刻有力的敘述。由於印度很可能超越中國而成為全球人口最多的國家,所以Tim Dyson,ed.,Indias Historical Demography:Studies in Famine,Disease and Society(London,1989),是特別有趣的著作。關於東南亞,David J.Steinberg,In Search of Southeast Asia:A Modern History,rev.ed.(Honolulu,Hi.,1987)是一本非常好的入門讀物。

遠東。3部傑出的中國現代史通論著作是:John J.Fairbank,China:A New History(Cambridge,1992);Immanuel C.Y.Hsu,The Rise of Modern China,4th ed(New York,1990);和Jonathan D.Spence, The Search for Modern China(New York,1990)。帶有現代中美關係特色的涉及傳教、商業和意識形態方面的綜合著作是John J.Fairbank,The United States and China,4th ed.(Cambridge,Mass.,1983)。關於中國共產主義,見James P.Harrison,The Long March to Power:A History of the Chinese Communist Party,1921~1972(New York,1972);Edgar Snow,Red Star over China(New York,1973)和Ross Terrill, Mao:A Biography(New York,1980)。關於人口,Judith Bannister,Chinas Changing Population(Stanford,Cal.,1978);關於鄉村生活,William L.Parish and Martin K.Whyte,Village and Family in Contemporary China(Chicago,1978)。

關於日本,William G.Beasley,The Rise of Modern Japan(New York,1990);Mikiso Hane,Modern Japan:A Historical Survey,2nd ed.(Boulder,Col.,1992);和Edwin O.Reischauer,Japan,The Story of a Nation(New York,1989),都是適合初學者的概論性優秀著作。適合大學使用的原始史料高級選編是John Livingston,Joe Moore,and Felicia Oldfather,eds.,The Japan Reader, 2 vols.(New York,1973~1974)。關於經濟變遷,見Johannes Hirschmeier and Tsunehiko Yui,The Development of Japanese Business,1600~1980,2nd ed.(Bostton,1981);G.C.Allen,A Short Economic History of Modern Japan,4th ed.(New York,1981);和Thomas C.Smith,Political Change and Industrial Development in Japan:Government Enterprise(Stanford,Cal.,1974)。

關於日本的第二次世界大戰的歷史。Thomas R.H.Havens,Valley of Darkness:The Japanese People and the World War II(Lanham,Md.,1986);和John Heresy,Hiroshima(New York,1946),特別具有啟發性。Gordon W.E.Prange,At Dawn We Slept:The Untold Story of Pearl Harbor(New York,1982),是來自交戰雙方的生動而詳細的描述。對太平洋戰爭的優秀而均衡的總結,John Tolland, The Rising Sun(New York,1982)值得推薦。

關於日本社會的特性,Robert J.Smith,Japanese Society:Tradition,Self and the Social Order(Cambridge,1987);和Tadashi Fukutake,Japanese Society Today(Tokyo,1981),分別提供了一種美國觀點和日本觀點。Joseph M.Kitigawa,Religion in Japanese History(New York,1990);和Irene B.Taeuber,The Population of Japan(Princeton,1958)在各自領域裡都是標準之作。

關於朝鮮,Andrew C.Nahm,Korea:Tradition and Transformation:A History of the Korean People(Elizabeth,N.J.,1988);和Donald Stone Macdonald,The Koreans:Contemporary Politics and Society(2nd ed.,Boulder,Col.,1990),是很有用的概論。關於朝鮮戰爭,Burton Ira Kaufman,The Korean War:Challenges in Crisis,Credibility and Command(Philadelphia,1986);和Bruce Cumings,The Origins of the Korean War,2 vols.(Princeton,1981~1990)是一種美國修正派的論述。

關於越南和美國捲入越南,見Joseph Buttinger,Vietnam:A Dragon Embattled,2 vols.(New York,1967);David Halberstam,The Best and the Brightest(New York,1969);和George C.Hering,Jr.,Americas Longest War:The United States and Vietnam,1950~1975,2nd ed.(Philadelphia,1986)。

拉丁美洲。E.Bradford Burns,Latin America:A Concise Interpretive History,5th ed.(Englewood Cliffs,N.J.,1990);和Thomas E.Skidmore and Peter H.Smith,Modern Latin America,3rded.(New York,1992),是標準的入門書。Fernando Henrique Cardoso and Enzo Faletto,Dependency and Development in Latin America(Berkeley,Cal.,1978)認為,拉美被外部資本主義國家所剝削。相反的觀點,見Frederick S.Weaver,Class,State and Industrial Structure:The Historical Process of South American Industrial Growth(Westport,Conn.,1980)。拉美歷史其他特別的主題被下列著作所探討:Douglas S.Butterworth and John K.Chance,Latin American Urbanization(New York,1981);Marvin Harris,Patterns of Race in the Americas(New York,1974);Daniel H.Levine,Religion and Political Conflict in Latin America(Chapel Hill,N.C.,1986);Alain Rouquie,The Military and the State in Latin America(Berkeley,Cal.,1987);Leopoldo Zea,The Latin American Mind(Norman,Ok.,1963);和John J.Johnson,A Hemisphere Apart:The foundation of United States Policy toward Latin America(Baltimore,Md.,1990)。

《世界史:從史前到21世紀全球文明的互動》