歐洲偉大的地理大發現之後,全球各地的互相聯繫空前緊密了,眾多歷史學家通過研究跨區域和跨文明的主題而反映了這個事實。其中最有趣的是:John H.Parry,Europe and a Wider World,1415~1715(New York,1949);John H.Parry,The Age of Reconnaissance:Discovery,Exploration and Settlement,1450~1650(New York,1963);P.M.Ashburn,The Ranks of Death:A Medical History of the Conquest of America(New York,1947);Donald F.Lach,Asia in the Making of Europe,multivolume(Chicago,1965~ );A.Greenfell Price,The Western Invasions of the Pacific and Its Continents:A Study of Moving Frontiers and Changing Landscapes,1513~1958(Oxford,1963);J.H.Elliott,The Old World and the New,1492~1650(New York,1970);Alfred W.Crosby,Jr.,The Columbian Exchange:Biological and Cultural Consequences of1492 (Westport,Conn.,1972);Niels Steensgaard,Carracks,Caravans,and Companies:the Structural Crisis in the European Asian Trade in the Early Seventeenth Century(Lund,Sweden,1973);Carlo M.Cipolla,Guns,Sails and Empires:Technological Innovation and the Early Phases of European Expansion,1400~1700 (New York,1966);Walter D.Wyman and Clifton B.Kroeber,eds.,The Frontier in Perspective(Madison,Wisc.,1957);Robert R.Palmer,The Age of Democratic Revolution:A Political History of Europe and America,1760~1800,2 vols.(Princeton,1959,1964);Hans Kohn,The Age of Nationalism:The First Era of Global History(New York,1962);W.S.and E.S.Woytinsky,World Population and Production:Trends and Outlook(New York,1953);和Barrington Moore,Jr.引起爭議的Social Orgins of Dictatorship and Democracy,Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World(Boston,1966)。
歐洲與西方。相關著作汗牛充棟,令人眼花繚亂。一部非常流行而且寫得很好的通史教材是Robert R.Palmer and Joel Colton,A History of the Modern World,5th ed.(New York,1977)。以下著作論述了偉大的歐洲帝國:Charles R.Boxer,Four Centuries of Portuguese Expansion,1415~1825(Chester Springs,Pa.,1961);C.H.Haring,The Spanish Empire in America(New York,1947);W.B.Willcox,Star of Empire:A Study of Britain as a World Power,1485~1945(New York,1950)。關於第四個偉大的歐洲帝國法國,我不知道英語世界有任何堪與上述著作相比的論著,但是關於總體情況,參見D.K.Feildhouse,The Colonial Empires(New York,1966)。下列著作特別論述了歐洲內部政治演變:Crane Brinton,Anatomy of Revolution,rev.ed.(New York,1952);Peter Gay,The Enlightenment,An Interpretation(New York,1966);J.R.Pole,Political Representation in England and the Origins of the American Republic(New York,1966);Eric J.Hobsbawm,The Age of Revolutions,1789~1848(Cleveland,1963)。關於法國大革命,George Lefebvre,The French Revolution,2 vols.(Cambridge,1965)堪與兩位觀點相反的一流專家的著作相提並論:Albert Soboul,The Parisian Sans-Culottes and the French Revolution,1793~1994(Oxford,1964)和Alfred Cobban,The Social Interpretation of the French Revolution(Cambridge,1964)。關於現代其他重要的轉型,Phylis Dean,The First Industrial Revolution(Cambridge,1965);John Calpham,The Economic Development of France and Germany,1815~1914,4thed.(Cambridge,1936);David Landes,Prometheus Unbond(London,1969)和Walt W.Rostow,The Stages of Economic Growth,(Cambridge,1960)值得推薦。Peter N.Stearns,European Society in Upheaval(New York,1967)和George Mosse,The Culture of Western Europe:The Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries:An Introduction(Chicago,1961)分別是各自論述主題的標準。兩次世界大戰期間,法國興起了一個獨特的歷史學派,其代表作是英譯本Fernand Braudel,The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip the II,2 vols.(New York,1972~1973)和Lucien Fevre,Life in Renaissance France(Cambridge,Mass.,1977)。
比一般著作更有趣的論述歐洲科學、技術和經濟的著作包括:Alfred Rupert Hall,The Scientific Revolution,1500~1800(Boston,1954);Herbert Butterfield,The Origins of Modern Science,1300~1800(London and New York,1957);Abraham Wolf et al.,A History of Science,Technology and Philosophy in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries,2nd ed.(New York,1951);Sir Eric Ashby,Technology and the Academics:An Essay on Universities and the Scientific Revolution(London,1958);John Francis Guimartin,Jr.,Gunpowder to Galleys:Changing Technology and Mediterranean Warfare at Sea in the Sixteenth Century(New York,1975);Fernand Braudel,Capitalism and Material Life,1400~800(New York,1973);John U.Nef,Industry and Government in France and England,1540~1640 (Philadelphia,1940);W.W.Rostow,British Economy of the Nineteenth Century(Oxford,1948)。
從現代歐美作者的眾多著作中推薦閱讀書目是徒勞的:我們現代語言的所有經典著作都在此列。同樣,沒有很多歷史學家闡述了現代文化發展這個主題,所以他們寧可直接閱讀原始文本。
俄國歷史也許應該給予特別注意,因為本書的大多數讀者也許對俄國歷史的瞭解少於對西方世界歷史的瞭解。Michael T.Florinski,Russia:A History and Interpretation,2 vols.(New York,1953~1954),是一本好書。Jane Harrison and Hope Mirrlees,trs.,The Life of the Archpriest Avvakum by Himself(London,1924)為讀者提供了洞悉一名「舊信仰者」內心的精確而簡明的論述。非常有趣的其他著作是:James Billington,The Icon and the Axe:An interpretive History of Russian Culture(New York,1966);Otto Hoetzsch,The Evolution of Russia(New York,1966);Raymond H.Fischer,The Russian Fur Trade,1550~1700(Berkeley,1943);W.E.D.Allen,The Ukraine:A History(Cambridge,1940)。Jerome Blum,Lord and Peasant in Russia(Princeton,1961)在第二部分進一步閱讀書目說明中已經提及。兩部有趣的著作追溯了俄國與中國關係的歷史:John F.Baddeley,Russia,Mongolia and China,2 vols.(London,1919)和Michael N.Pavlovsky,Chinese-Russian Relations(New York,1949)。
非洲。除了第二部分進一步閱讀書目說明中提及的非洲通史外,兩部著作生動地描述了歐洲人的黑奴貿易:Basil Davidson, Black Mother:The African Slave Trade(Boston,1961)和Eric Williams,Capitalism and Slavery(Chapel Hill,N.C.,1944)。Philip D.Curtin,The Atlantic Slave Trade:A Census(Madison,Wisc.,1969)消除了以前被運往新大陸的黑奴數目的誇大估計。Leopold Marquard,The Story of South Africa(London,1955)是一本簡明扼要的著作。Robert W.July,The Origins of Modern African Thought(New York,1968)和Philip D.Curtin,ed.,Africa and the West:Intellectual Responses to European Culture(Madison,Wisc.,1972)探討了非洲的「第三世界」概念。
伊斯蘭教世界。關於現代伊斯蘭教世界的歷史學仍然處於相當不滿意的狀態。下列通史著作是有幫助的:H.A.R.Gibb and Harold Bowen,Islamic Society and the West I:Islamic Society in the Eighteenth Century,2 parts(London,1950,1957);Wilfred Cantwell Smith,Islam in Modern History(Princeton,1957);Gustave E.von Grunebaum,Modern Islam:the Search for Cultural Identity(Berkeley,1962);H.A.R.Gibb,Modern Trends in Islam(Chicago,1947);和Gustave E.von Grunebaum,ed.,Unity and Variety in Muslim Civilization(Chicago,1955)。Marshall G.S.Hodgson的傑作 The Venture of Islam,3 vols.(Chicago,1974)在第二部分進一步閱讀書目說明中已經列出了。Clifford Geertz,Islam Observed(New Haven,1968)分析了在伊斯蘭教世界極端地區宗教與地方傳統之間的相互影響。關於伊斯蘭教個別地區,結果如下:George Antonius,The Arab Awakening(London,1938);Zeine N.Zeine,The Emergence of Arab Nationalism(Beirut,1966);Bernard Lewis,The Arabs in History,new ed.(London,1966);Bernard Lewis,The Emergence of Modern Turkey(New York,1961);Wilfred Cantwell Smith,Modern Islam in India:A Social Analysis,rev.ed.(London,1947);Percy Sykes,A History of Persia,3rded.,2 vols.(London,1952);和Peter Avery,Modern Iran(New York,1962)。
印度。Percival Spear,India:A Modern History(Ann Arbor,1961),和他對Vincent A.Smith,The Oxford History of India3rded.(Oxford,1958)的修訂本,提供了一個基本的指南。K.M.Panikkar,A Survey of Indian History,3rded.(Bombay,1956),提出了一種印度的觀點。Stanley Wolpert,A New History of India(New York,1977)在第二部分進一步閱讀書目說明中已經提及。Percy Brown,Indian Painting under the Mughals,A.D.1550 to A.D.1750(Oxford,1924)提供了對偉大的莫臥兒皇帝統治下的印度文化的深刻見解。我對這個帝國的歷史所知不多,但是它的創立者的回憶錄,Annette S.Beveridge,tr.,Baburs Memoirs,4 vols.(London,1912~1921)讀來令人愉快。W.H.Moreland的兩部著作:India at the Death of Akbar:An Economic Study(London,1920);From Akbar to Aurangzeb,A Study in Indian Economic History(London,1923);和M.Athar Ali,The Mughal Nobility under Aurangzeb(New York,1966)是有幫助的。還可參見Richard G.Fox,Kin,Clan,Raja and Rule:State-Hinterland Relations in Preindustrial India(Berkeley,1971)。
中國和日本。E.O.Reischauer,J.K.Fairbank,and A.M.Craig,East Asia:Tradition and Transformation(Boston,1973)和George M.Beckman,The Modernization of China and Japan(New York,1962)提供了遠東近代歷史的概述。Immanuel Hsu,The Rise of Modern China,2nd ed.(New York,1975)是對近代中國歷史的最好概述。Charles R.Boxer,Fidalgos in the Far East,1550~1700(Hague,1948)老練地論述了葡萄牙的作用。關於基督教傳教士,參見:Kenneth Scott Latourette,A History of Christian Missions in China(New York,1929)和Arnold H.Rowbotham, Missionary and Mandarin:The Jesuits at the Court of China(Berkeley,1942)。關於政府,見 Franz Michael,The Origin of Manchu Rule in China(Baltimore,1942)和Etienne Balazs,Political Theory and Administrative Reality in Traditional China(London,1965)。Jonathan Spence,The Death of Woman Wang(New York,1978)是中華帝國晚期下層社會生活的形象描述。Ping-ti Ho,Studies on the Population of China,1368~1953(Cambridge,1959);同一作者的The Ladder of Success in Imperial China:Aspects of Social Mobility,1368~1911(New York,1962);Chung-li Chang,The Chinese Gentry:Studies in their Role in Nineteenth Century Chinese Society(Seattle,1955);和Hsiao-tung Fei,Peasant Life in China:A Field Study of Country Life in the Yangtze Valley(New York,1946)都論述了最近幾個世紀中國社會的秩序和無序問題。關於技術,Sun E-tu Zen and Sun S.C.,Chinese Technology in the Seventeenth Century(University Park,Pa.,1966)。Theodore de Bary,ed.,Sources of Chinese Tradition(New York,1966)是按照年代和主題順序編輯的文獻翻譯彙編,非常有用。John K.Fairbank,ed.,Chinese Thought and Institutions(Chicago,1957)探討了中國思想史,John K.Fairbank,ed.,The Chinese World Order:Traditional Chinese Foreign Relations(Cambridge,Mass.,1968)也富有啟迪意義。
Osvald Siren,A History of Later Chinese Painting,2 vols.(London,1938)提供了近代中國藝術的最好標本。學生也可以通過選讀傳統的中國小說來熟悉中國社會的本質。其中2本最重要的小說可以得到英文譯本:Wu Ching-tzu,The Scholars(New York,1972)和Tsao Chan,Dream of the Red Chamber(New York,1958)。
至於日本近代歷史的研究,參見:George B.Sansom,The Western World and Japan(New York,1950);Donald Keene,The Japanese Discovery of Europe(New York,1954);Charles R.Boxer,The Christian Century in Japan,1549~1650 (Berkeley,1951);Conrad D.Totman,Politics in the Tokugawa Bakufu,1600~1843(Cambridge,Mass.,1967);Robert N.Bellah,Tokugawa Religion(Glencoe,III.,1957);Maruyama Masao,Studies in the Intellectual History of Tokugawa Japan(Princeton,1974);William R.Braisted,tr.,Meiroku Zasshi:Journal of the Japanese Enlightenment(Cambridge,Mass.,1976);Hugh Borton,Japans Modern Century(New York,1955);和Tetsuo Najita,Japan(Englewood Cliffs,N.J.,1974)。Thomas C.Smith,The Agrarian Origins of Modern Japan(Stanford,1959),是一部闡述早期近代日本社會的傑作。
Peter C.Swann, An Introduction to the Arts of Japan(Oxford,1958)是一本有幫助的著作。Ichitaro Kondo,ed.,Hiroshige,The Fifty-three Stages of the Tokaido(Honolulu,1965)提供了由最偉大的日本藝術家之一翻譯的德川時代後期社會的景象。Howard Hibbert,The Floating World in Japanese Fiction(New York,1959)是對德川時代日本世俗小說的優秀介紹。